Illegal Immigration to America - 991 Words

America as a whole has come to be defined by a single phrase, â€Å"Give us your poor, your tired, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  written by young immigrant from Portugal, Emma Lazarus, and engraved on the Statue of Liberty. With more and more people entering the country, the United States quickly evolved into the ultimate melting pot that it is today. As time has moved on America remains welcoming to the millions of immigrants. However, entry into the United States has become much more complicated. This complication resulted in a new type of immigration: illegal immigration. Ignoring American laws, these immigrants enter the country unnoticed and assimilate themselves into American Culture. With large borders and citizens who fail to abide by the law, the government basically allows them to actually cause some major damage. To fully understand the issues developed from illegal immigration, the history of illegal immigration in the U.S. must be understood first. At the country’s start few policies were in place regulating immigration. Conforming to most information, the only people denied entrance to the country were those considered criminals, anarchists, or disease carriers (Eyewitness to History). Protection of this country and its people remains the primary purpose. Still today, near any foreigner has the ability to legally reside in this country. However, through the years, the process of becoming legal in the United States has become much moreShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration in America Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigration at the U.S. - Mexico border is a growing problem, and the death toll is rising as more people are attempting to illegally enter the United States. As a result of an increasing number of people trying to enter into the United States illegally, the border is now being guarded by an increasing number of border patrol officers. The United States implemented different laws and operations to prevent more illegal immigration from Mexico into the United States. The ‘Operation Gatekeeper’Read MoreIllegal Immigration and the Destruction of America1329 Words   |  6 Pagescountry and build up a great nation like America. On the other hand, illegal immigrants tear down a country economically. Illegal immigration to the United States creates a variety of problems that will only grow worse if not addressed by the federal government. Immigration has been the major source for America’s growth.The United States has the most immigrants in the world (Nation of Immigrants). Russia has the second most with only one fourth the number in America (Nation of Immigrants). The UnitedRead MoreIllegal Immigration and Its Effect on America1808 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration and Its Effect On America Thesis: Learning as much as possible about Illegal Immigration so that we may understand and try and find a reasonable solution. I. What Is Illegal Immigration? A. Illegal Immigration B. When did it begin? II. Toll of Illegal Immigration On America A. Hidden Cost Of Illegal Immigration B. Crime C. The Loss America Suffers For Illegal Immigration D. How Things Have Changed III. America Speaks Up A. Why AmericansRead MoreIllegal Immigration : The United States Of America1197 Words   |  5 PagesJorge Romo Ms. Thompson Junior English 2nd Hour February 28, 2017 Illegal Immigration in American The United States of America is one of the greatest countries on this earth. Since the day it was founded, many men and women died while building this country into the nation it is today. But there is a problem that threatens America today and it is illegal immigration. The definition of an illegal immigrant is a foreigner who enters the U.S. without proper authorization. Especially a person who crossesRead More Illegal Immigration in America Essay examples458 Words   |  2 PagesIllegal Immigration in America Americas past is made up of immigrants who have came and formed our country. However illegal immigration has now plagued our economy. What happens when you allow millions into the country, both legally and illegally? Exactly what is happening today? You have tens or hundreds of groups, made up of various nationalities, from various places. Forming themselves into isolated communities, and then trying to get the country to change for them. This paper confirms detailedRead MoreAmerica s Illegal Immigration Problem918 Words   |  4 PagesNathan Miller Mr.DiCenso American Lit September 5, 2015 Citizenship Outline America s illegal immigration problem. Today in society. Issues Humankind vs Itself Conclusion Birth Right citizenship is a legal right to citizenship for all children born in a country s territory, regardless of parentage. But many people use the term to indicate the general or specific roles, rights or dutiesRead MoreIllegal Immigration: Too Large a Burden on America1235 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal Immigration: Too Large a Burden on America â€Å"Households headed by illegal aliens imposed more than 26.3 billion dollars in costs on the federal government†¦and paid only 16 billion dollars in taxes, creating a net fiscal deficit of almost 10.4 billion dollars, or two thousand seven hundred dollars per illegal household† (Miller 1). Some people would argue that immigrants come to America to take jobs that no one else will do, but the illegal immigrants are in fact draining social servicesRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration in America Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagesabout all the illegal immigration there is in the United States. Researching this topic has pretty much changed my mind on illegal immigration. Although there is much controversy over illegal immigration, it has many positive benefits. We Americans are never happy, always finding something to complain about. The more we complain and take it nowhere, the more time we waste. Illegal immigrants are usually, overall intelligent and hard workers. They bring their skills to America. Look at theRead More Illegal Immigration Reform in America Essay examples1382 Words   |  6 Pages One of the most controversial topics today in politics is what to do about illegal immigration in the United States. Should we consider all of the illegal immigrants felons? Should we give them full citizenship rights? These are all important questions related to illegal immigration. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire undocumented workers and imposed fines of up to $11,000 for each violation. Recently, the United States House of RepresentativesRead MoreIllegal Immigration From Latin America Is On The News All1095 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration from Latin America is on the news all the time in the United States, almost a daily basis on the main network channels. From President Trump calling for a wall on the Mexican-American border, to major cities like New York and Chicago declaring themselves sanctuaries for illegal immigrants. Both sides seem to throw out labels without care for the truth, or opinions that dif fer from their own. Without a common understanding of what the facts are, it is difficult to be able to create

three perspective - 2503 Words

Major Perspectives of sociology Three major Perspectives 4/26/2013 Brianna Slaton The Three Sociological Perspectives In today’s society many people may look at society in different ways. What you see and what I say may be totally different. You may present something in a different way than I would. Though we approach a topic differently does not mean we are wrong or right. This is just how society as a whole works. It has been this way in the past and is still present now and will be in the future. A sociologist is one of the people who do this and this is what they have worked on their whole life. They have worked to prove their point and get people to understand their point of view. One sociologist may see the†¦show more content†¦Durkheim and Parsons viewed society as expected and constructive. The most important thing in the Functionalist Perspective is that of stability (Schaefer Lamm). The Conflict Perspective says that social behavior is understood in terms of conflict or tension between two different groups in society (Schafer Lamm, 1998). Unlike Functionalist Perspective who view society as stable and having that of stability, Conflict Perspective view society as being a constant struggle where there is no stability. This conflict is not just being violent toward one another but anything that might cause confusion and or tension. This could be a disagreement or argument that can be worked out buy as simple as just talking (Platt, 1999). This perspective is made up by that of Karl Marx and W.E.B .Dubois. Karl Marx introduced the subject in this view that deals with society being in constant conflict, because that of society predictability of conflict based on the oppressed people as a result of capitalism. It is through Karl Marx study that many sociologists apply the Conflict Theory to every aspect in society. Marxist own theory is similar and have many things that agree with the Conflict Theory there are not at all the same. When looking at the Conflict Perspective it is important that sociologist look at society through the eyes of the people that don’t determine the norms of the society but the population the â€Å"nobodies† or â€Å"poor†. W.E.B. DuboisShow MoreRelatedThe And Placebo Effect On Human Sciences1410 Words   |  6 Pages Since every object, event and story can be interpreted from multiple perspectives, people gain their knowledge in a way largely influenced by the perspective. It is difficult to be convinced of any knowledge that is without bias. The knowers all pursue the answer to their questions when researching or learning the knowledge, which results in the similar way of thinking among the similar communities. Few can detach themselves from the contemporary situation since the cultural background, variousRead MoreTaking On Multiple Perspectives For An American Adult1655 Words   |  7 PagesT he idea of taking on multiple perspectives can be applied to many scenarios, from making decisions as the president of a nation to running a day care. One of the most accessible perspectives for an American adult is the small business. By engaging in the perspective of other people at a business you either work at or are a customer at, you gain a certain understanding that makes you more relaxed and more pleasant. For example we can take an almost universal experience in the developed world, orderingRead MoreDifference Between Linear And Linear Perspective1553 Words   |  7 Pages1.Six Different ways to create an illusion of space - Linear Perspective: Linear Perspective is the system that creates depth by illustrating lines and dimension on a flat surface, and all objects lie parallel to the horizon. For the examples of linear perspective are 1 point perspective, 2 point perspective, and 3 point perspective. - Overlapping: This happens when one object is in front of another object. By doing the overlapping, the object which is behind will be blocked theRead MoreLinks Between Corporate Social Performance And Financial Performance1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe introduction of an additional perspective to measure environmental, social, or governance performance. This has important implications for the inclusion environmental measures. Figge et al. (2002) consider three options for including environmental performance in BSC format. The first is to integrate measures in to existing four perspectives, the second is to develop a separate sustainability scorecard, and the third is to add an additional, fifth perspective to the traditional BSC. Kaplan andRead MoreChanging Perspectives1084 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Perspective Linda Collazo PSY/220 May 29, 2011 Abigail McNeely Changing Perspective People, especially diverse people of contemporary times commonly look at other people, situations, or life events with different perspectives. Sometimes looking at other people, situations, and life events with different perspectives cause people to make snap judgments without factual knowledge. Contributors such as personal beliefs, religion, culture, mood, personality, and relativeRead MorePrinciple of Management Course: My Experiences1775 Words   |  8 Pagesthat there are three different perspectives that are used to analyze an organization. There are three different perspectives used to view organizational behavior and processes: Strategic-Design, Political and Cultural. Initially, I was looking at the organization and the process of management from the political perspective. This perspective deals with the use of power and influence throughout the organization. However, I also had to learn about the strategic- design perspective, which dealtRead MoreBartocelli Art Analysis778 Words   |  3 Pages†¢ The characters above are all of mythological ideas, some possessing some biblical traits such as Venus with the halo created by the reflection of the orange grove. †¢ The red lines drawn on the image show the commonly used technique of perspective leading to the vanishing point which is the centre of the image. This is where Venus stands, which is a technical element conveying her importance within the painting. †¢ The impeccable attention and detail on Flora’s face indicates that he was of theRead MoreFrieda’s Fizz Balanced Scorecard Analysis1153 Words   |  5 Pagesintangible measures provide better focus on the organization’s long-term strategies. This paper is an attempt to analyze Frieda Fizz decision to utilize a balanced scorecard as they expand into new geographic areas. The strengths and weaknesses of each perspective are discussed along with the pros and cons of using such an approach. It is recommended that Frieda Fizz use this tool through its expansion phase, keeping in mind that whether such an approach succeeds or not depends on organizational support andRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Perspective’S Rules In Visual Arts1686 Words   |  7 Pagesduring Italian Renaissance, when the law of perspective was first introduced, explained, published and started to become widely adopted by generations of artists, painters, artist-engineers and the like . Art historian and professor Samuel Edgerton, however, reminds that the event should be rather noted as the rediscovery of perspective since the major people who is credited for its discovery and later developments simply deduced the nature of perspective in its varying forms like the linear, aerialRead MoreEssay about The three perspectives3127 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Camalae Thomas Deviance and Social Control 5 April 2011 The Three Perspectives Every interaction that occurs is a product of societal teachings of what is considered deviant. It has a hand in every aspect of a person’s actions and emotions. The teaching of society dictates when it is appropriate to initiate the use of a certain action and express a particular emotion so that no act of deviance occurs. These teachings of deviance are made under this notion to understand people who act

Marilyn Manson Essay Example For Students

Marilyn Manson Essay Marilyn Manson has greatly effected the world. He is a wonderful shock-rock entertainer and I love him. Im not saying everyone should. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but I find him to be one of the most entertaining acts around today. blah blah blah hsd hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs h s i k d k d k s d n f k l s d k n f s l d kfn ds fk nds f lk d s nf ;slkds nflk dsf lknd sd flkn sdf lk s d n f l knsdf ioewrnre onradivadlfkvn adfvthis is gay why do I have to submit a paper if I am looking for one. blah blah blah blah blahhhh. Anywhore. did I mention how stupid this is. I have to keep typing until I get to at least 250 words. nice huh? but yes marilyn manson is a god. He is not THE most gothic entertainer, and infact I dont even considerhim gothic. hes just shock. and its great. it pisses off my parents and that is all that counts. okay i think this is at least 250 words by now. nope. not yet. type type type type type type type hah hah hah hah hah hah fun fun funf unf unf ufn funf ufn funf mo e r r e n oe r neo r m o enr e o mn rn eo Shcoien. la la la la la la la la la la la olal al al al al ala la la al al al al al al al al l a la l al al al ala lalalalal al la l alal al al ajason is hot la la la la la lala la al al alalalalalallla la llalalalal aal al al ala la la alal alal al al ala la l la al lala al ll a l ala

Marine Organisms and Other Novel Natural Sources of New Cancer Drugs Essay Example

Marine Organisms and Other Novel Natural Sources of New Cancer Drugs Essay Gilberto Schwartsmann South-American Office for Anticancer Drug Development (SOAD), Comprehensive Cancer Centre (CINCAN), The Lutheran University (ULBRA) Postgraduate Course in Medicine (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Introduction Man has always relied on nature for survival. Since ancient times, nature has been our main source of food, protection, clothing, transportation and remedies [1,2]. This can be illustrated by the number of natural product derived agents currently in use in routine medical practice (Table 1) [3-5]. In addition o plant-derived compounds, microorganisms constitute a very important source of novel bioactive agents. They have contributed to the medical armamentarium with antibiotics such as penicillins, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins, which represent landmarks in the history of human therapeutics [6,7]. Although marine compounds are yet underrepresented in routine clinical practice, it can be anticipated that aquatic environment may become a potentially valua ble source of novel compounds, as the worlds oceans cover about 70% of the earths surface and all except 2 of the 28 major animal phyla are represented there [8-11]. Anti-cancer agents derived from natural sources Several new anticancer agents that entered the market in the 1990s were obtained from natural sources (Table 2) [12,13]. There is also a significant number of naturally derived new anticancer candidate compounds that are currently undergoing preclinical and early clinical development (Table 3) [3,14]. Plant-derived compounds, in particular, have . a special place in the anticancer therapy (Table 4) [15,16]. The Vinca alkaloid vincristine (isolated from Catharanthus roseus) is part of various curative regimens in patients with leukaemia and lymphoma [17,18]. Similarly, the epipodophyllotoxin derivative, etoposide (extracted from the mandrake plant Podophyllum peltatum and the wild chervill P. emodi) is included in drug regimens that produce a significant number of cures in patients with germ-cell tumours [19,20]. The taxoids (extracted from the bark of the Taxaceae Taxus brevifolia, T. canadensis, or T. baccata) and the camptothecins (derived from the bark and wood of the Nyssacea Camptotheca acuminata) have also significant anti-solid tumour Table 1 Drugs developed from plant sources Drug Medical use Plant source Aspirin Atropine Benzoin Caffeine Codeine We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Organisms and Other Novel Natural Sources of New Cancer Drugs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Organisms and Other Novel Natural Sources of New Cancer Drugs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Organisms and Other Novel Natural Sources of New Cancer Drugs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Digoxin Eugenol Hygoscyamine Morphine Papaverine Pilocarpine Quinine Reserpine Scopolamine Toxiferine Xanthotoxin Analgpsir, antiinflammatnry Pupil dilator Oral disinfectant Stimulant Analgesic, antitussive For atrial fibrillation and CHF For toothache Anticholinergic Analgesic Antispasmodic For glaucoma For malaria prophylaxis Antihypertensive For motion sickness Relaxant in surgery For vitiligo Filipendula ulmaria Atropa belladonna Sty rax tonkinensis Camellia sinensis Papaver somniferum Digitalis purpura Syzigium aromaticum Hyoscyamus niger Papaver somniferum Papaver somniferum Pilocarpus jaborandi Cinchona pubescens Rauwolfia serpentia Datura stramonium Strychnos guianensis Ammi majus 235 Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2010 236 G. Schwartsmann Table 2 Anticancer drugs developed from plant sources Drug Medical use Plant source Etoposide Testicular tumours, small cell lung cancer Teniposide Paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Vinblastine Hodgkins disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, carcinoma of the testis, Kaposis sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, breast cancer Vincristine Acute leukemia, Hodgkins disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumour Vindesine Investigational; modest activity in Hodgkins disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, leukaemias, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer Vinorelbine Activity in breast and non-small cell lung cancer Paclitaxel Ovarian, breast, lung cancer and others Docetaxel Ovarian, breast, and lung cancers Topotecan Ovarian cancer Irinotecan Colorectal cancer Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi Podophyllum pellatum and P. emodi Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus roseus Taxus brevifolia Taxus baccata Camptotheca acuminata Camptotheca acuminata Table 3 Examples of natural product derived agents approved for marketing (1990-1999) Bisantrene Interferon y-lA Cytarabine ocphosphate Miltefosine Porfimer sodium Pegaspargase Zinostatin stimalamer Gemcitabine Topotecan Irinotecan Fludarabine phosphate Pentostatin Formes tane Paclitaxel Sobuzoxane Bicalutamide Raltitrexed Docetaxel Lyposomal doxorubicin Lyposomal daunomycin Etoposide phosphate The agents are either natural products, semisynthetic analogues or the pharmacophore is from a natural product. From Cragg and Newman, 1999 [3]. activity [21]. Paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of ovarian and breast carcinoma, nd has also important activity against other tumours such as non-small cell lung cancer [22]. Irinotecan and topotecan are more water-soluble semi-synthetic camptothecin derivatives which were approved for the treament of advanced colorectal [23,24], and ovarian carcinoma [25-27], respectively. These agents have also shown clinical antitumour activity in other malignancies of the adult and children [27]. Antitumour antibiotics such as doxorubicin, daunomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, streptozocin and deoxycoformycin are clinically active agents against several types of cancers [28,29]. They were all isolated rom Streptomyces species. Other microbe-derived metabolites under current development are rhizoxin, deoxyspergualin, UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporin), spicamycin (KRN5500), CC-1065 (bizelesin), and the rebeccamycin analogues [3,30,31]. The epithilone derivatives obtained from myxobacteria have gained Table 4 NCI-sponsored experimental agents whose pharmacophores are obtained from natural sources Source Agent Status Animal Animal Animal Marine Marine Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Microbial Plant Plant Plant Pyrimidine base Hydroxydopamine derivative Tributyrin 2-Methoxyestradiol derivative Halichondrin B Dolastatin 10 COL 3 Cordycepin/deoxycoformycin Geldanamycin derivative Iododoxorubicin Rapamycin derivative Vicenistatin Bizelesin Depsipeptide KRN55O0 9-cir-Retinoic acid Quinocarmycin derivative Rebeccamycin derivative Rhizoxin UCN-01 Neriifolin Flavopiridol Perllyl alcohol 5-Ethynyluracyl Preclinical PrecUnical Preclinical Preclinical * Clinical Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Clinical Preclinical Preclinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical PrecUnical Clinical Clinical Clinical From Cragg and Newman, 1999 [3]. also attention in the laboratory, because of the similarity of their mechanism of action to the taxoids [32]. Cytosine arabinoside, a synthetic analogue of the C-nuclesides initially isolated from the Caribbean sponge, Cryptotheca cripta, was the first and, so far, only, marine-derived compound routinely used in cancer therapy. It has significant antitumour activity in leukaemias and lymphomas [33,34]. The systematic exploration of marine organisms as sources of novel bioactive agents initiated in the 1970s and Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. rg by guest on December 7, 2010 Marine organisms and other novel natural sources of new cancer drugs 237 expanded markedly since the mid-1980s. Presently, more than 2500 new metabolites were described from a variety of marine sources, anticipating its future role as a valuable source of novel chemical classes not usually found in the terrestrial environment [35-37]. Several potentially i nteresting marine compounds are in preclinical development. Discodermolide, a metabolite of the deep-sea sponge Discodermia dissolute, was collected in the waters of the Bahamas, and it was shown to induce microtubule stabilisation [35]. Halichondrin B, first isolated from the sponge Halichondria okadai in Japan has shown in vivo activity against melanoma and leukaemia. It is being currently obtained from the New Zealand deep-water sponge Lissodendoryx. Isogranulatimide, an aromatic alkaloid extracted from the Brazilian tunicate, ascidian Didemnum granulation, acts as a G2 checkpoint inhibitor. Its synthesis has been fully accomplished and several analogues are being developed [36]. Experimental anticancer agents in phase I—II trials Tunicate derivatives Of the marine compounds that have entered clinical evaluation, three — didemnin B (DB), aplidine DDB) and ecteinascidin 743 (ET 743) — are derived from tunicates. DB is a cyclic depsipeptide isolated from the tunicate Trididemnum solidum and was the first to enter phase I and II studies. In phase II trials sponsored by the NCI, partial and complete tumour responses were documented in patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma. However, DB caused cardiot oxicity and was stopped in its further development. DB also produced significant nausea and vomiting, and isolated cases of hypersensitivity reactions [36-38]. Aplidine was obtained from a Mediterranean colonial tunicate, Aplidium albicans. It has a pyruvyl group replacing the lactyl group in DB and its synthesis has been achieved. It appears more active than DB in preclinical models and apparently not cardiotoxic. Aplidine entered clinical trials in 1999 both in Europe and in the US under the sponsorship of the Spanish company Pharma Mar. The ecteinascidins (Ets) are derived from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Following a period of supply problems, enough amounts of this compound could be obtained from aquaculture and synthesis. The derivative Ecteinascidin 743 (ET 743) showed promising activity in murine and human tur, II †¢ o gt; = 0  «A/V II I I Fig. 1. Chemical structure ET743. mour models, and is currently in early clinical development (Fig. 1) [39,40]. It is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid that alkylates selectively guanine N2 from the DNA minor groove, and this alkylation is reversed by DNA denaturation. Therefore, it differs from other DNA alkylating agents so far used in the clinic [40]. Dolastatins The dolastatins are cytotoxic peptides, which can be cyclic or linear, derived from the sea hare, Dolabella auricularia, a mollusc from the Indian Ocean. Dolastatin 10 and 15 are small peptides that were shown o interact with tubulin. Dolastatin 10 (NSC 376128) was selected for initial clinical development because of its more favourable preclinical profile (Fig. 2). It is extremely potent in vitro and it was shown to inhibit microtubule assembly, tubulin-dependent guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding and inhibit vincristine and vinblastine binding to tubulin. It causes cells to accumula te in metaphase arrest and is modulated by the MDR gene product [41,42]. Dolastatin 10 has in vitro activity against several human leukaemia, lymphoma and solid tumour cell lines with IC50S between 0. 1 to 10 nM. It has documented ntitumour activity in various human solid tumour models, such as LOX#IMVI melanoma, OVCAR- 3 ovarian carcinoma and NCI-H522 NSCLC O CH3 OCH3O H3CO Fig. 2. Structure of dolastatin 10 (NSC 376128). Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2010 238 G. Schwartsmann Fig. 3. Structure of bryostatin-1 (NSC 339555). cell lines. In animal toxicology studies, myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity. This agent is highly bound to plasma proteins and pharmacokinetic studies in animals showed a rapid degradation probably by hepatic metabolism [43,44]. This agent entered phase I trials as an i. v. olus injection every 3 weeks. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 300 mg/m2 for heavily preteated patients, while 400 mg/m2 appears to be the MTD for minimally pre-treated patients. The dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was myelosuppression, and local irritation and phlebitis, and mild peripheral neuropathy were also observed. Phase II trials are being ini tiated in breast, colon, lung, ovarian and prostate cancer, as well as lymphomas and leukaemias [45,46]. Bryostatins Bryostatin-1 (NSC 339555) is a macrocyclic natural lactone isolated from the marine Bryozoan, Bugula neritina (Fig. 3). It has shown both antitumour as ell as immunomodulatory effects [47,48]. It is a potent activator of the protein kinase C (PKC) family, lacking tumour-promoting activity and with antagonistic effects on tumour-promoting phorbol esters. This effect is probably related to down-regulation of PKC or by specific isoform activation. It also stimulates cytokine production, bone marrow progenitor cells and neutrophils [49-51]. In vitro, bryostatin-1 has cytotoxic activity against various leukaemia and solid tumour cell lines [50]. It has also in vivo antitumour activity in various murine models, including leukemia, lymphoma, ovarian cancer and melanoma. It was shown to enhance the antitumour effects of various anticancer agents, such as vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, melphalan, paclitaxel and others. These effects may be schedule-dependent [47,48,52]. This agent was studied in phase I trials at different infusion schedules. The recommended doses for phase II trials were 25-35 M-g/m2 when administered over one hour for three of every four weeks; 25 u. g/m2 given as a weekly 24 hour infusion. Myalgia was the DLT in all trials. Other toxicities were joint aches and a transient decrease in platelet counts [53,54]. Notably, partial responses were reported in atients with melanoma, ovarian cancer and NHL. Phase II trials of bryostatin-1 are being conducted at various infusion regimens in a large number of tumour types in both solid and haematological malignancies. In addition, phase I trials of brystatin-1 in combination with other agents, such as cisplatin, paclitaxel, fludarabine, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and 2-C DA are also being conducted under the sponsorship of the US NCI [51,53,54]. MGI-114 MGI-114 (6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene; HMAF; NSC 683863) is a semisynthetic derivative of illudin S, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene obtained from he mushroom Omphalotus olearius, which exerts its cytotoxic effect following its rapid intracellular uptake, covalent binding to DNA, inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of apoptosis (Fig. 4). Binding to non-DNA cellular components appears also important for cytotoxicity [55,56]. In preclinical models, this form of DNA damage is more difficult to be repaired and requires functional DNA helicase activity. MGI-114 has shown in vitro cytotoxic activity in various human tumours and also in paediatric tumours. In vivo studies in animals bearing human tumour xenografts have shown antitumour ctivity in MX-1 breast carcinoma, MV522 lung CHjOH HO Fig. 4. Structure of MGI-114 (NSC 683863). Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2 010 Marine organisms and other novel natural sources of new cancer drugs 239 adenocarcinoma, DU145 and PC-3 prostate, HT-29 colon carcinoma and HL60/MRI myeloid leukaemia. It is also active in mdrl/gpl70 and other chemotherapy- resistant tumours. In preclinical models, including paediatric tumour cell lines, its antitumour effects were shown to be synergistic with paclitaxel, topotecan, irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil [55,56]. In a phase I study of MGI-114 given as a 5-minute infusion daily for 5 days every 28 days, grade 3 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, and reversible renal damage were documented at a dose of 14 mg/m2/day. Other toxicities were nausea and vomiting, fatigue, asthenia, local phlebitis, facial flushing, alopecia and mucositis. Maximum plasma concentrations of MGI-114 in the range of levels required for in vitro cytotoxicity were obtained in the patients [57]. Therefore, the recommended dose for phase II trials was 10. 6 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks. The US NCI is currently sponsoring rials in various solid rumours. A phase I trial widi the above mentioned schedule is also being performed in solid paediatric malignancies. Flavopiridol Havopiridol (NSC 649890) is the first cytotoxic agent in clinical trials that targets cell cycle progression at either Gl or G2 via the inhibition of cyclindependent kinases (CDKs). It is a synthetic flavone derived from the plant alkaloid r ohitukine isolated from Amoora rohituka, and later from Dysoxylum binectariferum (Fig. 5) [58]. It blocks cell growth and causes apoptosis in various rumour cell lines. It binds ATP competitively at the nucleotide-binding ite of CDKs. The G2 arrest is caused by both direct inhibition of CDK1 and changes in the regulatory phosphorylation of CDK1. The Gl arrest appears to depend on the inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4. At higher doses, flavopiridol also inhibits protein kinase A and C [58,59]. It has in vitro antiproliferative activity with IC50s between 50-200 nmol/1, and has been shown to be synergistic with various anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside and topotecan. For some agents, this effect was schedule dependent (paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil) while not for others (cisplatin). In vivo antitumour activity was demonstrated in colon, prostate, lung, breast, ovary, gastric and renal carcinomas as well as glioma, melanoma and lymphoma [58,59]. Phase I trials of flavopiridol given as a 3-day continuous i. v. infusion every 14 days have been performed [60]. The DLT was a secretory-type diarrhoea, and fatigue, asthenia, anorexia, local tumour pain, and transient rise in bilirubin was also observed. Objective responses were documented in patients with renal, gastric and colon cancer, and with NHL. The recommended dose for phase II trials was 50 mg/m2/day x 3. The initial phase II trials will e conducted in patients with colorectal, prostate, NSCLC, and renal cell carcinoma, and in patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Combination studies with cisplatin or paclitaxel are also being initiated in patients with advanced solid tumours. CCI-779 CCI-779 [sirolimus 42-{3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-methylpropanoate}; NSC 683864] is a solub le structural analogue of rapamycin (sirolimus), a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It causes cell cycle arrest at Gl through the inhibition of signalling pathways that produce inhibition of RNA translation. It has marked immunosuppressive effects by interacting with signal transduction pathways that are critical for normal T cell function as well as for tumour cells. CCI-779 binds to immunophilins, inhibiting their function [61,62]. Being more water soluble and more stable than rapamycin, CCI-779 was selected for preclinical and potential future clinical development. It inhibits key signal transduction pathways, such as those regulated by p70s6 kinase and phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable protein (PHAS-I). The above mentioned inhibitory effect interferes with cell-cycle progression through Gl [63]. Preclinical studies suggested hat tumours with deletion of the pl5/pl6 family of CDK inhibitors, such as melanoma, may be especially susceptible to CCI-779 [62,63]. Two schedules of CCI-779 administration are being evaluated in phase I trials, weekly and daily times five every 2 weeks. Phase II trials are being planned for breast, pancreas, colon, glioma, lymphoma, small-cell lung cancer a nd melanoma [64]. Fig. 5. Structure of flavopiridol (NSC 649890). Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2010 240 G. Schwartsmann H3CN D-V4I J ^CH-C1 NH †¢Cv .. CHa 1 LAM O CH3 Fig. 6. Structure of depsipeptide (NSC 630176). Fig. 7. Structure of rebeccamycin analog (NSC 655649). Depsipeptide Depsipeptide (NSC 630176) is a biclyclic peptide isolated from a strain of Chromobacterium violaceum by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. (Fig. 6). It decreases mRNA expression of the c-myc oncogene and inhibits the growth of Hd-ras-transformed NIH3T3 clonal cell line, Ras-1. It did not affect DNA synthesis but causes cell cycle arrest at G0/G1. More recently, it was demonstrated that it acts as an inhibitor of a histone deacetylase [65,66]. It possesses potent preclinical antitumour activity both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, depsipeptide howed cytotoxic activity in various human solid tumour cell lines, such as NSCLC, stomach, breast and colon adenocarcinomas, with IC5Os of 0. 3-3. 2 ng/ml, and was less potent against cultured normal cells. This agent appears to be also a substrate for MDR P-glycoprotein. In vivo, it showed antitumour activity against various murine and human solid tumours (such as stomach, colon, brea st and melanoma models) [65-67]. Two phase I trials of depsipeptide are being conducted using a 4 hour i. v. infusion weekly and twice-weekly, respectively, every 21 days. NSC D655649 (rebeccamycin analogue) The rebeccamycin analogue (l,ll-dichloro-6-[2-A- iethylamino]-12,13-dihydro-12-(4-0-methyl-D-glucopyranosyl)- 5H-indolo[pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5,7- (6H)-dione; NSC D655649) is a synthetic antibiotic with the antitumour properties of its less water-soluble parent compound, rebeccamycin, which was isolated from the actinomycete strain Saccharothrix aewcolingenes found in the soil in Panama (Fig. 7). It causes an unwinding of supercoiled DNA without inducing single-strand or double-strand breaks and also inhibits topoisomerase II by limiting strandpassing ability. This compound showed in vivo antitumour activity against various murine models as ell as in human tumour xenografts, such as ESC LOX melanomas and in the ESC RXK-393 renal tumour models [68]. Currently, three phase I studies of NSC D655649 in adults and one phase I trial in children are being conducted. Two adult and one paediatric trial use a single i. v. infusion every 21 days. The MTD is 572 mg/m2 and the recommended dose for phase II is 500 mg/m2 in adults. In children, the recommended dose for phase II is 585 mg/m2. The DLT was local irritation and phlebitis at the injection site, but it became nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression (mainly neutropenia) after the use of a central i. v. ine. Hyponatremia and elevations of liver enzymes were also documented (ALT/AST). Phase I trials of a 5-daily i. v. dose every 21 days revealed similar toxicity profile and produced partial responses in ovarian, gastric and cholangiocarcinoma [69]. Conclusion Nature has given a major contribution to cancer therapy. It contributed with the introduction of several active agents that dramatically changed the natural history of many types of human cancers. This new wave of natural product d erived experimental agents is offering us the opportunity to evaluate not only totally new chemical classes of anticancer agents, ut also novel and potentially relevant mechanisms of action [73-75]. Marine compounds, for instance, can interfere with very relevant intracellular targets such as signal transduction, microtubule stabilisation or new forms of interaction with DNA. They can be extremely potent in culture, with IC50S in tumour cell lines in the nanogram range [76,77]. Probably they need potency and rapid penetration in cellular membranes to protect themselves efficiently in an aquatic environment that rapidly dilute their poisons. However, these compounds can be very toxic to normal tissues as well. We are witnessing that Downloaded from annonc. xfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2010 Marine organisms and other novel natural sources of new cancer drugs 241 phenomenon with marine compounds that entered clinical evaluation. The same holds true for other plant- and mi crobial-derived experimental agents. Therefore, the challenge of finding more selective anticancer agents with a more favourable therapeutic index still remains. The search for new natural product derived compounds for cancer treatment will continue through an active international collaboration among researchers in investigating rainforests, coral reefs and deep subsurface thermal vents [70-72]. These efforts are being expanded by recent advances in microbial cultivation technology and nucleic acid extraction from environmental materials. A large number of novel living organisms that provide a tremendously rich reservoir of genetic and metabolic diversity are being identified. Furthermore, manipulation of microbial biosynthetic pathways making use of genetic . engineering has allowed the production of interesting molecules not generated naturally [3,72,73,78]. These unique sources of novel compounds will certainly make anticancer drug discovery even more challenging in the next years. References Famsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, et al. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull WHO 1985; 63: 965-981. 2 Cragg GM, Newman DJ, Snader KM, et al. Natural products in drug discovery and development J Nat Prod 1997; 60: 52-60. 3 Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Discovery and development of antineoplastic agents from natural sources. Cancer Invest 1999; 17(2): 153-163. 4 Balandrin MF, Kinghorn AD, Famsw orth NR. Plant-derived natural products in drug discovery and development: An overview. In: AD Kinghorn, MF Balandrin (eds), Human Medicinal Agents from Plants. Am Chem Soc Symposium Series 534. Am Chem Soc Washington, DC, 1993, pp 2-12. Farnsworth NR. The role of ethnopharmacology in drug development. CIBA Found Symp 1994; 154: 25-41. 6 Young P. Major microbial diversity initiative recommended. ASM News 1997; 63: 417-421. 7 Samuelsson G. Drugs of Natural Origin. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm, 1992. 8 Christian MC, Pluda JM, Ho TC, et al. Promising new agents under development by the Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers of the National Cancer Institute. Semin Oncol 1997; 24: 219-240. 9 Rosenthal J. OECD Proceedings: Investing in biological diversity. The Cairns Conference, Australia, 25-28 March, 1996. OECD Publications, Paris, 1997, pp 253. 10 Suffness M, Cragg GM, Grever MR, et al. The National Cooperative Natural Products Drug Discovery Group (NCNPDDG) and International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) Programs. Int J Phannacogn 1995; 33 (suppl): 5-16. 11 Bergmann W, Feeney R. Contributions to the study of marine products: XXXH. The nucleosides of sponges. J Org Chem 1951; 16: 981-987. 12 Famsworth NR. The role of medicinal plants in drug development In: P Krogsgaard-Larsen, SB Christensen, H Kofod (eds), Natural Products and Drug Development Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, London, 1984, pp 8-98. 13 Cox PA. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery: strengths and limitations. CIBA Found Symp 1994; 185: 2 5 41. 14 Hartwell JL. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Quartennan Publications, Lawrence, 1982. 15 Han R. Recent progress in the study of anticancer drugs originating from plants and traditional medicines in China. Chin Med Sci J 1994; 9: 61-69. 16 Chabner BA. Anticancer drugs (Chapter 18). In: VT DeVita Jr, S Hellman, AS Rosenberg (eds), Cancer: Principles and Practice, 4th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1991, pp 325-417. 17 Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, et al. The Vinca alkaloids: a new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Res 1963; 23: 1390-1397. 18 DeVita VT Jr. Serpick AA, Carbone PO. 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Semin Oncol 1997; 24: S18-S23. 24 Pito HC, Wender DB, OConnell MJ, et al. Phase JJ trial of irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:2910-2919. 25 Creemers GJ, Bolis G, Gore M, et al. Topotecan, an active drug in the second-line treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 3056-3061. 26 Sikora K, Advani S, Koroltchouk V, et al. Essential drugs for cancer therapy: a World Health Organization consultation. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 385-390. 27 Kunimoto T, Nitta K, Tanaka T, et al. Antitumor activity of 7-ethy 1-10-(4-( 1 -piperidino)-1 -piperidino)carbonyloxy-camptothecin, a novel water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, against murine tumors. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 5944-5947. 28 DiMarco A, Gaetani M, Scarpinato B. Adriamycin (NSC 123127) a new antibiotic with antitumor activity. Cancer Chemother Rep 1969; 53: 33-37. 29 Grever MR, Chabner BA. Cancer drug discovery and development (Section 1, Chapter 18). In: VT DeVita, S Hellman, SA Rosenberg (eds), Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997, pp 328-339. 30 Powis G. Anticancer drugs: antimetabolite metabolism and natural anticancer agents. Int Encycl Pharmacol Ther 1994; 140: 1-506. 31 Jessup JM, McGinnis LS, Winchester DP, et al. Clinical Downloaded from annonc. oxfordjournals. org by guest on December 7, 2010 242 G. Schwartsmann highlights from the National Cancer Database: 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996; 46: 185-187. 2 Bollag DM, McQueney PA, Zhu J, et al. Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2325-2333. 33 Cragg GM, Newman DJ and Weiss RB. Coral reefs, forests, and thermal vents: the worldwide exploration of nature for novel antitumor agents. Semin Oncol 1997; 24: 156-163. 34 Kitagawa I, K obayashi M. Antitumor marine natural products. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 190; 17(3): 322-329. 35 Kowalski RJ, Giannakakou P, Gunasekera SP, et al. The microtubule- stabilizing agent discodermolide competitively inhibits the binding of paclitaxel to tubulin polymers, enhances ubuline nucleation reactions more potently than paclitaxel, and inhibits the growth of paclitaxel-resistant cells. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52: 613-622. 36 Schmidt U, Griesser H, Hass G, et al. Synthesis and cytostatic activities of didemnin derivatives. J Peptide Res 1999; 54: 146-161. 37 Weiss RB, Peterson BL, Allen SL, et al. A phase II trial of didemnin B in myeloma. A cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) study. Invest New Drugs 1994; 12(1): 41-43. 38 Chun HG, Davies B, Hoth D, et al. Didemnin B. The first marine compound entering clinical trials as an amineoplastic agent. Invest New Drugs 4(3): 279-284. 39 Rinehart KL. Antitumor compounds from tunicates. Med Res Ver 2000; 20(1): 1-27. 40 Takebayashi Y, Pommier Y. DNA minor groove alkylation by Ecteinascidin 743 indices sequence specific topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1999; 40 (#718). 41 Pettit GR, et al. The isolation and structure of a remarkable marine animal amineoplastic constituent: Dolastatin 10. J Am Chem Sec 1987; 109: 6883-6885. 42 Bai R, Pettit GR, Hamel E. Dolastatin 10, a powerful cytostatic peptide derived from a marine animal. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization mediated through the vinca alkaloid binding domain. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39(12): 1941- 949. 43 Pathak S, Multani AS, Ozen M, et al. Dolastatin-10 induces polyploidy, telomeric associations and apoptosis in a murine melanoma cell line. Oncol Rep 1998; 5(2): 373-376. 44 Maki A, Mohammad R, Raza S, et al. Effect of dolastatin 10 on human non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 1996; 7(3): 344-350. 45 Madden T, Tran HT, Huie R, et al. 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Although Zephaniah Kingsley Did Not View The Slaves As Harshly As The

Although Zephaniah Kingsley did not view the slaves as harshly as the other white slave owners of that time his views were essentially opposite than those of David Walker. David Walker was the son of a slave father and a free black mother. This parentage, according to the laws of slavery, made him free. He received an education and resided in several states throughout his lifetime. As a result of his observations and experiences with slavery, he wrote his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World which basically delivers a candid description of racism and slavery in the United States and also calls upon the black population to rise and reclaim their identity as members of the human race. Zephaniah Kingsley on the other hand, was a white Florida planter and slave owner who argued that the institution of slavery was an essential and necessary part of life in the South. Although Kingsley's views were in favor of slavery he differed from most whites in that he did not believe that bla cks were inferior. The extent of David Walker's opinion on slavery can basically be summarized in this statement, The inhuman system of slavery, is the source from which most of our miseries proceed.? Walker, (3) He argues that in no other time in history has a group of people been so mistreated as the slaves of the white Americans. To support this he claims that never before has their humanity been questioned. For example, he brings up the point that many Americans considered black people to be direct descendants of monkeys. Walker, (10) In addition to being labeled as inferior, blacks were also prohibited from becoming educated and also from getting together to worship God. According to Walker, becoming educated posed a threat to the whites who then feared that they could no longer control their slaves. For coloured people to acquire learning in this country, makes tyrants quake and tremble on their sandy foundation.? Walker, (31) Perhaps the point that makes David Walker feel so strongly about his a rgument is that to him the American people were in a sense walking contradictions. In Article IV of his Appeal he refers to the Declaration of Independence particularly the line ?We hold these truths to be self evident-that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that are among these, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Walker implores the Americans to think about how the cruelties imposed upon them by the British pale in comparison to the ones they subject the slaves to. To conclude Walker's argument, the one thing that made him adamant about slavery aside from the immense cruelty was that he could not find one justification for the deplorable treatment of his people other than inherent evil on the part of the white Americans. Completely contrary to David Walker's views were that of Zephaniah Kingsley. Just as Walker wrote his Appeal expressing his opposition to slavery, Kingsley wrote the Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society, As it Exists in Some Governments, And Colonies in America, and in the United States, Under the Name of Slavery, With its Necessity and Advantages. This document, although in favor of slavery, addresses it not as a matter of race but rather a sort of economic system and also dismisses the idea of black inferiority. Perhaps this point is reinforced with the fact that he had an extended family consisting of many children from various slave women, which he openly acknowledged as his own and even provided for them in his will. He states, ?To destroy the prejudice existing against slavery, under the circumstances with which it is now associated in the South, is the object of this essay.? Stowell, (45) Kingsley believed in a three-caste social system consisting of whites, free blacks, and slaves. The success of this system depended on the free blacks and whites working together through common economic interest. Stowell, (1) This system also allowed for the moving up in social status of the blacks provided they achieve economic success. One of Kingsley's strongest points in his proslavery argument was that the South's prosperity depended exclusively on agriculture,

Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence essays

Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence essays Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence There is an outpouring cry for more gun control measures to prevent crimes and violence. However, throughout most of our history people have armed themselves for protection against criminals, invaders, and even abusive government. There are approximately four million new firearms - about two million being handguns - sold in the United States each year (8). The regulation of weapons and gun control laws will not solve the problem of violence and prevent crimes. Gun control laws do not work. Just the contrary, legitimate users of firearms submit to intense regulation, scrutiny, and bureaucratic control. Any effort to decrease the supply of firearms imposes damage on freedom and privacy that is fundamental to American life. The Brady bill, implemented in several states, requires a background-check and a five-day waiting period to acquire a handgun. The main accomplishment of this bill is the increase in hassle to the law-abiding citizen seeking a gun. Second Amendment scholar and attorney Stephen B. Halbrook debates the Second Amendment to the Constitution in his book That Every Man Be Armed. Halbrook states the Americans right to keep and bear arms grew out of political and philosophical tradition that dates back to the origins of Western Civilization. Halbrook notes as far back as Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, they shared the belief that an armed populace was essential for preventing the imposition of tyranny (7 12). It is arguable; the Second Amendment provides the right for everyone to bear arms, not just the militia. The principal justification for an armed populace was to secure the tranquility and good order of the community. In addition, Jim Babka, in his article Gun Control Only Seems Like a Good Idea!, he expounds on the 1982 Senate Subcommittee on the Constitutions confirmation that The Second Amendment is to provide protection of an indi...

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Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. Research Paper - Essay Example This entirely has been attained through the establisher and organization CEO, Steve Ells, and his capability gradually to struggle to afford consumers with a huge experience whereas enjoying immense food. Chipotle’s prosperity certainly starts with high-level management as it progresses to increase activities whereas sustaining that every restaurant provides similar experience and food quality as the other. The organization’s mission, â€Å"Food With Integrity† has been applied nearly religiously through the chain; and it really does struggle to prepare food for consumers that has quality constituents. Provided a firm concentration and commitment from the top to providing a value item to its customers, Chipotle has enjoyed huge prosperity in the past decades. However, applying inventive approaches will more permit the organization to increase and extend its development (DeCenzo & Stephen, 2007, 414). In establishing the strategy for the coming strategic goals and proposals, Chipotle will require to sustain the present central values including the extension of recent approaches. It is significant for the organization to determine the main approaches and values that enabled the company prosperity and tries to establish upon them. Despite that, Chipotle has not originally communicated its values through means of mainstream channel of communication; it does sufficiently communicate key values concerning the organization’s triple base line. These principles are communicated in the Chipotle reports to investors and include: The company concentrates on attempting to look for the greatest quality components they can to prepare immense tasting food; on employing and holding top performing individuals to make sure that the restaurant expertise offered is outstanding. Further, the company focuses on establishing restaurants that are functionally effective and aesthetically entertaining; and on acting all of this with rising sensitivity and este em for the atmosphere. The organization applies high-quality raw components, standard cooking techniques, and a differentiated internal design and has sociable individuals to watch out for all consumer-characteristics that are further regularly present in the sphere of excellent dining. The goal of the company is to look for the greatest quality components that they can. Components that are planted or raised with esteem for the atmosphere, beasts, and individuals who plant or bring up the food. As section of their â€Å"Food With Integrity† approach, they think that applying fresh components is not sufficient, therefore they utilize time on farms and in the area to know where our components come from and the way the beasts are raised. Chipotle’s objective is to generate the highest quality item coupled with the greatest quality components, as well as being sociable to the atmosphere and to the beasts that it uses. This has enabled the organization to develop and increa se in wonderful ways. All this factors being put in place, the organization should continue struggling to evolve for it to maintain competitiveness and its limit over competitors. Whereas taking into account such precedences, the organization has established methods that the institution should follow for the coming five decades. These methods relate particularly to market growth, market penetration, and unique commodity development while looking out for probable unique markets as well as â€Å"blue oceans†. These methods will as well assist simplify Chipotle into

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The product were produced in many different components and assembled into a finish product through an assembly line, the approach of this method has reshaped manufacturing industry especially in the sector of automobile, aircraft, train etc. it has proved that automation is the key to increase productivity. Industrialized construction (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) became popular during the post-war period, due to the huge demand in housing. Because of the nature of the concept, instead of adopting automation technology to traditional construction methods, there is a potential opportunity to integrate and apply manufacturing technology to enable a revolutionary change in construction sector in terms of design, production and management. The aim of this paper intends to discover and recognise the opportunities and challenges that advanced technology and modern manufacturing process offer to the industrialized construction sector, and how would the sector to embrace automation and enhance the way its operate, along with the introduce of a integrated management system from manufacturing industry. The paper will also provide an overview of the issues and difficulties the industry will face during introducing new technology innovations and adopting advanced automated production process into construction sector. Introduction Challenges emerged and changes need to be made within construction sector due to the changes in global phenomenon, economic, science and technology. There is a need for construction industry to improve its productivity, quality and flexibility, along with requirement to adapt technologies and management methods of other manufacturing industry. The formation of off-site construction sector has the advantages to adapting technologies directly from manufacturing sectors which support the principles of mass production and customization. Off-site construction methods can easily provide an efficient design and management process to allow customized products at mass production prices with a better quality, so that an entire building will be no longer constructed with conventional methods but to be produced as a product. There are numerous advantages of using off-site construction methods. As the production process is carried out in a factory environment which provides better communication between clients, designers and engineers, to ensure high quality standards, increase the speed of production as well as minimise impact on the environment by eliminating wastes. In recent years, there is a growing interest in the area of adopting automation technologies to construction and many building systems have been developed by implementing robotic technology to assist both on-site and off-site activities. The principle of future automated construction is to create a highly efficient automated system and to produce a customer orientated product, which involves apply advanced technologies both off-site and on-site, new design methods will be launched to develop of a new building systems, customized software and different management approach will be integrated in manufacturing process. Development of integrated construction automation and robotics building processes will assist component producing process and onsite construction. Life cycle of a building will be increased by use of new materials and new definition of building construction. However, in order to optimise the use of automated construction methods, it is important that design concept is compatible with technology available. It is necessary that research and development (RD) sector plays a very important role in terms of select and discover available approach for manufacturing methods. While designers and engineers need to apply the concept of automation whereby adjusting the design to fit production as a result the structural, functional, and the flexibility of the building could be implemented. Under one roof Design method evolution The goal of Industrialised building construction is to establish a new method of producing a per-engineered product rather than building in conventional method. Finished design is completed by a group of assembled components. A building will be no longer to be designed as a whole but developed as a range of components and accessories. The changing of design process results in the changes of practices. Traditional building design methods will be challenged by automated design methods. From the success of other manufacture industry has shown the benefit of using automated production methods. Building product development stage will be a systematic process; building system will be designed with flexibility of using robotic erection. Compare to conventional method, Designers will be increasingly relying on using CAD system and assisted with other technologies such as virtual reality system (VR). Virtual reality system creates a computer- simulated environment, which enables a physical presence, interaction with real environment. Client assisted by the system enable the simulation of the design process. An on-line virtual tool provides a selection of components; simulate real-time designing and environment, then client can import selected 3D design elements such as window, doors, roof into the system, to enable designer to gain a good perception of the project, the use of computer simul ated tool in conjunction with automated data collection tool to schedule and manage the project. The cost, design, material usage and assembling specification of the project can be generated automatically. In the past two decade, Automobile industry has benefited from using Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) the system has not only changed the productivity of automobile manufacturing but also defined the concept of customer oriented product concept. While the construction industry still based on labour intense type of work, there is a need for automating building process, thus an improved productivity, quality and better working environment could be achieved. Overview of Industrialised building system (mainly on residential housing sector) Nowadays, with housing stock market reaches highest demands in many countries, take UK for example, government aiming to build 50,000 units a year to fill the gap, however, if just rely on conventional methods this target is unlikely to meet. Thus, sustainable and modern design approaches became more and more crucial. Highly industrialized building method (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) has been wildly accepted and recommended. Factory manufactured homes (prefab homes) are transported on site sim-finished, which may only take days or even hours to complete, while in traditional construction method, homes are built from tons of basic materials using on-site labor and technique, which cost more and take longer to finish build. Advanced technology and automation in manufacturing industry has set up a successful example to construction industry. Due to the uniqueness of construction process, it is difficult to adopt automation techniques from other manufacturing sector directly . The advanced manufacturing methods which chosen have to be amended then integrated gradually into construction process. Compared with traditional methods of construction, the advantages that prefab offers shown as below: Reduce labor costs, for example, to build a small family house in England, client expect to pay up to  £250 a day to cover contractors and builders cost, this not even including costs of materials and equipments, also weather condition could effect on speed of on-site construction, as in extremely cold or damp condition, mortar will take longer to set due to frost, and one coat of plaster could take up to a day to set, this will slow down speed of construction dramatically and increase costs of labour. In comparison, off-site construction has most of their role carried out in factory environment with tight quality control and completely weather proof, specialist worker will produce building components at maximum efficiency. Reduce material costs; normally, client or contractor will have to set up an account with local building merchants and price charged is depending on the amount of material purchased. On the other hand, off-site manufactures whose order certain material in bulk directly from suppliers will normally receive better prices. Environmental friendly, as most components is produced off-site and ready for on-site assembly, it will reduce the amount of waste during on-site construction, Many prefab components are made of recyclable material and the building is to be designed more energy efficient. Prefab building is not something new, but it was once re-homed tens of thousands families in Britain after the Second World War. However after decades, prefab housing has not been as marketable as traditional housing. There are numbers of barriers and disadvantages of using such system have also occurred in several cases. Design limitations, while a prefab wall component are designed for a flat roof to sit on, and then it is unsuitable for it to be adapted for a different roof design. Components are manufactured in huge quantity, if there is a fault appeared on one, and then the same issue could be found on all. This could lead to unnecessary time waste. Lack of individuality, has shown on many post-war off-site designs. Even today, most off-site designed home is virtually same as traditionally built house, they are often been treated as lower-grade or temporary shelter by the general public. Skill shortage, builders and contractors are not familiar with the system, so on-site assembly will be carried out by factory engineers and specially trained labor, this would reduce the need of employ local contractors and cost local labor market. Despite the disadvantages of modular system, industrialized construction attribute vast numbers of benefits, there is a potential opportunity of future prefab building industry to adopt advantages and reassess the disadvantages , developing new prefab techniques and materials to provide a better performed building system. Prefab System Performance In many countries, such as Japan, Germany, manufacturers are reinventing the process of home construction by adopting assembly line automation methods to achieve mass production. A number of new construction materials are starting to be used as components in prefab housing. Such as, structural insulated panels (SIPs) and insulating concrete forms (ICFs). There are systems developed by using prefab technique, include prefab foundation systems, steel framing, concrete framing, large-modular systems, and so on. Prefab Foundation system Due to different site condition, different Materials, drainage system and engineered structural support could be applied. Initially, in house designers and engineer teams will exam soil type, contamination hazards of the site, and other critical natural elements of the given location, such as flood hazard zone, or seismic area, once all data is collected and appropriate system will be finalized, the chosen system needs to be designed subject to local building regulation requirement and to be reviewed by local authorities over construction period both off-site and on-site. The system is designed and manufactured as prefabricated components with consideration of drainage system used and complete integrated service installation points. Furthermore, according to different type of floor chassis system used, connection devise and method maybe vary, such as direct fastening system, direct bolting system, or welding system. Once the site is ready, the foundation components will be delivered onsite and drop in to the footing or trenches while connecting with service point. Panelised Wall Floor and Roof systems Panels can be produced in an automated factory environment, using computer program that transfers panel-cutting instructions directly from digital CAD (computer aided design) drawings. The finished product will be inspected and then transport on to jobsite. There are many types of panelised system available, such as light gauge steel, insulating concrete forms (ICFs), aluminum concrete and fiberglass components. They are consist of pre-engineered panels, factory manufactured, that will be erected on site to form a structural envelop. The most common, Structural insulated panel (SIPs) which consist of an insulating layer of rigid polymer foam sandwiched between two layers of structural board, offering superior insulation, structural capacity. SIPs are durable, light in weight and dimensionally stable. The system will significantly simplify on-site farming and reduce the risk of health and safety issues occurred from on-site construction. Compare with other modular system, SIPs provide more flexibility in terms of design, complicated shapes can be produced with considerably low price. Structurally, SIPs wall panel is deceptively strong, which could perform as load-bearing wall, roof structure, as well as internal dividing wall. Due to the exceptional load-bearing performance of the wall panel means variety of floor systems could be utilized. Compare with conventional wood framing technique, SIPs offer a dense, uniform and continuous air barrier with few thermal bridges, and little opportunity for internal convection, therefore less air leaks and reduce condensation occurred by cold bridging. Eco-joists are one of the best flooring system for SIPs structure, they are consist of parallel stress grade timber overhangs connected with V shaped galvanised steel webs. They share the same advantages as SIPs, they are pre engineered, designed and manufactured according to deferent loads requested by the project. The systems are lightweight and easy to handle on site, in addition all services such as electrical cables and waste pipes and ventilation dust could easily install between the open webs. Meanwhile, roof construction could achieve maximum useable space by using SIPs, because there will be no requirement of roof trusses going across loft space, and it offers continuous insulation to increase energy performance. As a result, combination of these two systems provides an excellent sample of advantages of using prefabricated components in modern construction. Lifecycle of the Prefab system Product orientated design Firstly, building will be marketed as a product rather than a traditional building. To be able produce them in large quantities with relatively low cost, the key is to mass produce, but with infinite personal taste, the combination of mass production and personal taste is mass customization, to give customer choices but within a manageable range. This will keep manufacturing processes sample and economies of scale can be implemented. For example, car manufacturers allow customer to choose the colour and certain specifications of a car model. However, customers are unable to specify the colour of the steering wheel, and design of the seats, even if it is achievable. Future prefab system will be designed to be more flexible; while components can be mountable and de-mountable for reuse. Proposed building site will be assisted by construction robots with little human intervention on site. The development of prefabrication in construction sector has demonstrated it is possible to adopt manufacturing technique into construction process and to achieve automation. Prefab building process will adopt an automated system in terms of, design, engineering, and construction, which means future construction process will proceed in an automated manner. For example, customer could pick different colours of wall finish and flooring or kitchen and bathroom pods from a product catalogue to fit into a standard floor plan, just like buying a car with choices of different body paint and interior accessories. The main building components will be mass produced such as wall and floor panels, and accessories such as different designs of kitchen pods to be produced only w hen ordered, to allow parts arrive into production just when needed. A new joining, and installation method will be developed with consideration of later on-site installation; building component will operate systemically as well as interchangeable to maximize system performance and lifespan. While on-site, construction robots will perform multiple tasks to cope with variety of site conditions, robots will have sequence or digital controlled. Construction robots will interact with each other on-site; identify issues and automatically response to site personal such as, project manager. In case of technical failures, all building activities should be able to handle by works manually. The house has been designed flexible and adaptable to allow future alteration. To alter existing house, traditionally, clients have to seek professional help to carry out the building work or relocated to a different property. In contrast, due to the way that house been constructed, the internal and structural wall, roof and floor can be easily disassembly from existing structure and proposed components will be plug-in to form an improved floor layout or provide an additional accommodation to suit clients requirement. The dealer will provide data from their database to cover information from the time of construction on the materials used, floor plans, piping and electrical lines, etc. Client then can use these specifications to obtain quotations from the dealer or other service providers. Site visit and inspection will be carried out by the selected manufacturer, data collected and design requirements of the project will be incorporated by computer integrated construction (CIC) syste m, design specification and cost will be produced pro manufacturing. The fully automated construction process shall precede pro to the final approval from the client. Second hand housing market and renovation market will be fulfilled with a new definition, second hand house will be put on the market and buyer is no longer necessarily to relocate to where the house is. Second hand house will be dissembled and transported back to the factory for inspection and renewal; inspected components are finished off with new fittings and equipments. The building components will be transported to the new site, by using the same technique, the building will be reassembled and ready for the new owner to move in. The same concept also applied on to those clients who extremely emotionally touched with their beloved home, instead of ditch the old one, alternatively the house could be relocated wherever they go. The efficient, flexible and mass production concept of future prefab industry enable a niche market to emerge within the construction sector; a prefab house will be affordable to purchase but offer high degree of design, flexibility. Customer will engage in the design process which will give the project their personal taste, incorporate with the mythology of mass customization, and offer customer with more choices. The lifecycle of a building could be extended longer by reclaim and disassembly the existing structure. In addition, the future prefab industry has the potential to achieve automation in all construction phases. Strategy action of Future Prefab construction Standardization For achieving the requirement of prefab building mass production, all components need to be standardized for production. Similar to automobile industries, same parts might be produced and used on fabricate different model, consequently, materials can be utilized in the most efficient manner to produce wide range of standardized components, such as universal wall, floor and roof system. Then the usage of same production process, machinery, and skilled workers can be maximized then maximum productivity achieved. Specialization Mass production and standardized product allow a high degree of labor specialization with the production process. It is an opportunity to use single task robots to conduct specific rule repetitiously. In such working condition, automated technology could be applied and tested within the prefab construction sector. Integration In order to obtain an optimal result, a high degree of coordination must exist between various relevant parties such as designer, manufacturer, owner, and contractor. This is achieved through an integrated system in which all these functions are performed under a unified authority (1) Automation in future prefab construction industry Robotic industrial applications are very well established in the manufacturing industry, while there is a very limited influence on the construction sector. A number of benefits are anticipated from these automated systems, including improved construction productivity, to eliminate the dependence on labor, and improved safety and quality. The impact of this integrated automation approach is expected to be significant due to its high level of management between resources and processes, and well defined environment for information transfer. As a follow-up to this effort, several research issues need to be considered, including the design of materials handling systems which will maintain the efficiency of the automated building construction approach. In Japan, the success of the automobile industrys automated assembly plants, combined with the construction industrys worker shortage, has helped encourage the development of Japans automated and robotic construction operations. Although th e trend toward automation itself has produced some gains in productivity, the primary goal is to do a specific task with fewer people in a safer environment. (2) The need for automation in construction is clear; as most construction activities are repetitious, labor-intensive, and dangerous so that it is perfectly suitable for robot automation. T. Bock (2007) illustrated a robotic precast concrete panel factory that uses a multipurpose unit which allows flexible production of the concrete floor, wall and roof panels. Here, according to certain CAD data, a multi functional gantry type robotic unit with two vertical arms places magnetos on the steel production table. The unit also attaches shutters on top of the magneto and then places horizontal, vertical and triangular reinforcement bars, as per design. A CAD-CAM controlled concrete distributor spreads the right amount of concrete while controlled by a CAD layout plan, which takes into account installation, window or door opening. (3) Swedish company Randek has developed a number of high-performance position controlled systems for prefab house manufacturing. Those systems were developed similar to the manufacturing industry and were intended to perform routine task in on location. For instance, their latest wall, floor and roof production line system SF021 is developed to be a flexible system for effective production of insulated wall elements. Firstly, a framework is built with studs and top and bottom plates installed by using a CAD-CAM controlled nailing gun, and then wall sheet will be nailed in while the whole wall component is flipped over and ready for the next work station. Second step, the wall component will be insulated. The final stage, the insulated wall will be flipped upside down and another wall sheet to be nailed on to seal up the component. The wall component is completed and ready for site delivery. The whole process is computer controlled, and it is only require 3-4 operators to over see the op eration. In Japan, there are more than 85 present of the houses are prefabricated, several leading construction firms have developed fully automated system for manufacturing building components, such as Sekisui chemical, robots has played active roles at the production line. Robotic manipulators were used as assistants to human. This approach allows the robot to be less autonomous and technically simpler, needing only limited sensing abilities. According to this approach, the human performs the vital parts of the task, and the robot is used to expand the human physical limits. Such systems, of less autonomous performance, can be more easily adapted for assistance in a variety of building tasks. (4) Off-site production sequence may have successfully adopted automation concept, robots are capable of conduct many factory based roles such as handing heavy materials, and it has benefited construction industry greatly. On the other hand, robots still face many difficulties due to the dynamic nature of construction site and economical challenge. Construction industry has a variety combination of sectors and it has to cope with variety of circumstances on each project and site. In construction automation, the building also serves simultaneously as the work environment. Construction robots will face great challenges when cope with complexity of on-site tasks. To tackle this, single-task robots need to be designed not only to assist human but also interact with human and enhance the over all performance; robots with specific function will be programmed to work independently, such as on-site single-task robots will perform most of the assembling and heavy lifting roles, as well as problem solving and data collection roles. Single-task robots been designed for a factory systematic environment free-standing robots will be moving along a production line on wheels to complete production roles. While suspended robots usually have lifting mechanisms to help it move up and down. Mobile Robotic system also developed for material handing on-site. Personal interior finishing robot is developed to reduce human interaction. Engelbert westkà ¤mper et al (2000) developed a robotic system for the automatic laying of tiles within certain tolerances on prefabricated modules. The pilot work consisted of a tile laying system that consists of tile positioning equipment, a centering and measuring system and transport unit; a tile supply system consisting of a store and a measuring unit; system for generating process parameters; and handing and positioning system having industrial robot and process control. (5) Moreover, Neelamkavil,J (2009) have illustrated that single-task robots technology will progresses quickly through the development of human-robot cooperative (HRC) system, key technologies development such as motion generation, remote control ,operation control, and mobility, there will be more interaction between humans and robots in workplace, human and robot will assist each other and exchange forces on site. Construction Automation Construction automation system consists of four fundamental components; An on-site factory protected by an all-weather enclosure. an automated jacking system an automated material conveying system a centralized information control system These systems have followed manufacturing principle as well as using just-in-time principles for delivery of materials and bar coding for tracking and placing materials once delivered on-site. The numbers of single-task robots used depends upon the job. (6) SMART (Shimizu Manufacturing system by Advanced Robotics Technology) has demonstrated a computer integrated construction (CIC) approach, which realized the objectives on; automated production off-site, with robotic assembly on site, handing heavy components and interact with one another. It has also utilized automatic planning and construction site management technology, with using a computerized controlled system to monitoring building process on-site. The system has fully integrated industrial production methods with construction, where the theory of Just-in-time (JIT) and constancy could be realized throughout the construction process. (7) Economically, due to the high cost of developing such automation system has affect on the speed of putting robotic systems in to practice. The most development has been done by some leading construction practice supported by large numbers of research organization. For example, in Japan most of major construction companies has large amount of research budgets and in-house research department working closely with universities and other institutes. Without strong financial capability an automated construction site will be impossible to implement. Software and IT integration Automated construction processes are not only relying on software and IT technology, but also associated with other related technologies, such as data processing, and Virtual Reality technology. These technologies control of construction machines and improve the construction efficiency. But more importantly, software integration is crucial for implementing the concept of computer integrated construction (CIC), which will enable to integrate prefabrication design process, advanced planning and management methods through a software system to programming on site robots and simulate the construction process. Neelamkavil,J (2009) reported The EU Future Home projects, the projects have developed the AUTOMOD3 system- an automatic modular construction software environment, the system successfully integrated all stages of house-building construction process and automated construction methods in to a CAD program. Through using this program, each stage is simulated; from transfer 2D plan into 3 D model to onsite robotic assembly each task can be carried out automatically. The introduction of Computer aided design (CAD) has changed attitudes towards accuracy and efficiency within construction industry. The developments of newest software such as AutoDesks Revit Architecture, SolidWorks are an upgrade of traditional CAD-based software, which enables designer, engineers, constrictors to analysis each stage of the buildings lifecycle, from its concept stage to demolition and recycling, it will monitoring the whole building process. Through sharing information sources between key players within the company such as design data, financial data, legal data, and service layout, this will improve team communication and increase efficiency, constructability and ultimately predictability of all projects. Summary Construction industry facing challenges to responds to change technical, economic and social conditions, there is an increasing need of changing construction technique, communication and management strategy within the sector. This paper has explored the opportunities and challenges that advanced technology and modern manufacturing process offer to the construction sector, and illustrated few examples of how did the development of robotic technology is increasingly affecting the process of construction automation. The need for improved automation and productivity of the construction industry is clear. There are numbers of factors are needed to be stressed, and will affect on future implement; Change of construction methods, result in organizational revolution. Design practice, client communication, product development, on-site assembly, use of construction robots, project management, and software development issues are highlig

Reaction Plan on Global Warming Essay

Global warming refers to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect, in which gases in the upper atmosphere trap solar radiation close to the planet’s surface instead of allowing it to dissipate into space. Both natural and human-made conditions can contribute to global warming, but human beings can do several things to reduce the effects. The biggest cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels — such as oil and coal — are burned for energy. So when you save energy, you fight global warming and save money, too. Here are some easy steps that you can take to help make a difference: 1. Limit Private Vehicle Driving. A very easy way to control ozone depletion would be to limit or reduce the amount of driving as vehicular emissions eventually result in smog which is a culprit in the deterioration of the ozone layer. Walk, bike or take the bus more often. You’ll save one pound of carbon d ioxide for every mile you don’t drive. 2. Use Eco-friendly Household Cleaning Products. Usage of eco-friendly and natural cleaning products for household chores is a great way to prevent ozone depletion. This is because many of these cleaning agents contain toxic chemicals that interfere with the ozone layer. A lot of supermarkets and health stores sell cleaning products that are toxic-free and made out of natural ingredients. 3. Avoid Using Pesticides. Pesticides may be an easy solution for getting rid of weed, but are harmful for the ozone layer. The best solution for this would be to try using natural remedies, rather than heading out for pesticides. You can perhaps try to weed manually or mow your garden consistently so as to avoid weed-growth. 4. Don’t Burn Your Trash. Every burning emits carbon dioxide especially plastic. Instead of burning your waste, segregate them and some things like cans and plastic can be sold while some can be recycled. 5. Plant a Tree. A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon  dioxide over its lifetime. Because carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, planting trees and other plants can slow or stop global warming. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They use carbon to build their own tissues and return some of it to the soil in a process called sequestration. Deforestation of rain forests is a large contributor to global warming and CO2 emissions, but planting new trees, even in your own backyard, can help to offset this. 6. Turn off Electronic Devices. Simply turning off your television, stereo and computer when you’re not using them will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a year. 7. Conserve Water. Turn off water immediately whenever you’re not using it, and repair or replace leaky faucets and toilets. 8. Change a Light. Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. 9. Reduce Fossil Fuel Use. Burning fossil fuels increases the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. There are two ways to reduce fossil fuel use: Use less energy, or use alternative, nonpolluting energy sources like solar and wind power 1) At home, this translates to saving electricity by using energy-efficient appliances and compact fluorescent light bulbs, as well as reducing gasoline use and buying green power from your electricity provider, if available. 10. Reduce Waste. The production of garbage contributes to global warming both directly and indirectly. Decomposing waste in landfills produces methane and other greenhouse gases. Waste also requires energy to manufacture in the first place. Reducing your consumption patterns and reusing items whenever possible minimizes your carbon footprint, since fewer new items need to be made. Recycling metal, plastic, glass and paper lowers greenhouse gas emissions, since recycled items take far less energy to manufacture than items produced from scratch. 11. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the economy size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste. And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isn’t a recycling program at your workplace, school, or in your community, ask about starting one. By recycling half of your household  waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. 12. Tell Others about Global Warming. Many Filipinos are still not aware of this frightening situation of our world. Tell it to your friends, neighbors and to your classmates.