Although Zephaniah Kingsley Did Not View The Slaves As Harshly As The

Although Zephaniah Kingsley did not view the slaves as harshly as the other white slave owners of that time his views were essentially opposite than those of David Walker. David Walker was the son of a slave father and a free black mother. This parentage, according to the laws of slavery, made him free. He received an education and resided in several states throughout his lifetime. As a result of his observations and experiences with slavery, he wrote his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World which basically delivers a candid description of racism and slavery in the United States and also calls upon the black population to rise and reclaim their identity as members of the human race. Zephaniah Kingsley on the other hand, was a white Florida planter and slave owner who argued that the institution of slavery was an essential and necessary part of life in the South. Although Kingsley's views were in favor of slavery he differed from most whites in that he did not believe that bla cks were inferior. The extent of David Walker's opinion on slavery can basically be summarized in this statement, The inhuman system of slavery, is the source from which most of our miseries proceed.? Walker, (3) He argues that in no other time in history has a group of people been so mistreated as the slaves of the white Americans. To support this he claims that never before has their humanity been questioned. For example, he brings up the point that many Americans considered black people to be direct descendants of monkeys. Walker, (10) In addition to being labeled as inferior, blacks were also prohibited from becoming educated and also from getting together to worship God. According to Walker, becoming educated posed a threat to the whites who then feared that they could no longer control their slaves. For coloured people to acquire learning in this country, makes tyrants quake and tremble on their sandy foundation.? Walker, (31) Perhaps the point that makes David Walker feel so strongly about his a rgument is that to him the American people were in a sense walking contradictions. In Article IV of his Appeal he refers to the Declaration of Independence particularly the line ?We hold these truths to be self evident-that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that are among these, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Walker implores the Americans to think about how the cruelties imposed upon them by the British pale in comparison to the ones they subject the slaves to. To conclude Walker's argument, the one thing that made him adamant about slavery aside from the immense cruelty was that he could not find one justification for the deplorable treatment of his people other than inherent evil on the part of the white Americans. Completely contrary to David Walker's views were that of Zephaniah Kingsley. Just as Walker wrote his Appeal expressing his opposition to slavery, Kingsley wrote the Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society, As it Exists in Some Governments, And Colonies in America, and in the United States, Under the Name of Slavery, With its Necessity and Advantages. This document, although in favor of slavery, addresses it not as a matter of race but rather a sort of economic system and also dismisses the idea of black inferiority. Perhaps this point is reinforced with the fact that he had an extended family consisting of many children from various slave women, which he openly acknowledged as his own and even provided for them in his will. He states, ?To destroy the prejudice existing against slavery, under the circumstances with which it is now associated in the South, is the object of this essay.? Stowell, (45) Kingsley believed in a three-caste social system consisting of whites, free blacks, and slaves. The success of this system depended on the free blacks and whites working together through common economic interest. Stowell, (1) This system also allowed for the moving up in social status of the blacks provided they achieve economic success. One of Kingsley's strongest points in his proslavery argument was that the South's prosperity depended exclusively on agriculture,

Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence essays

Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence essays Gun Control Will Not Prevent Violence There is an outpouring cry for more gun control measures to prevent crimes and violence. However, throughout most of our history people have armed themselves for protection against criminals, invaders, and even abusive government. There are approximately four million new firearms - about two million being handguns - sold in the United States each year (8). The regulation of weapons and gun control laws will not solve the problem of violence and prevent crimes. Gun control laws do not work. Just the contrary, legitimate users of firearms submit to intense regulation, scrutiny, and bureaucratic control. Any effort to decrease the supply of firearms imposes damage on freedom and privacy that is fundamental to American life. The Brady bill, implemented in several states, requires a background-check and a five-day waiting period to acquire a handgun. The main accomplishment of this bill is the increase in hassle to the law-abiding citizen seeking a gun. Second Amendment scholar and attorney Stephen B. Halbrook debates the Second Amendment to the Constitution in his book That Every Man Be Armed. Halbrook states the Americans right to keep and bear arms grew out of political and philosophical tradition that dates back to the origins of Western Civilization. Halbrook notes as far back as Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, they shared the belief that an armed populace was essential for preventing the imposition of tyranny (7 12). It is arguable; the Second Amendment provides the right for everyone to bear arms, not just the militia. The principal justification for an armed populace was to secure the tranquility and good order of the community. In addition, Jim Babka, in his article Gun Control Only Seems Like a Good Idea!, he expounds on the 1982 Senate Subcommittee on the Constitutions confirmation that The Second Amendment is to provide protection of an indi...

Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. Research Paper Essay

Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. Research Paper - Essay Example This entirely has been attained through the establisher and organization CEO, Steve Ells, and his capability gradually to struggle to afford consumers with a huge experience whereas enjoying immense food. Chipotle’s prosperity certainly starts with high-level management as it progresses to increase activities whereas sustaining that every restaurant provides similar experience and food quality as the other. The organization’s mission, â€Å"Food With Integrity† has been applied nearly religiously through the chain; and it really does struggle to prepare food for consumers that has quality constituents. Provided a firm concentration and commitment from the top to providing a value item to its customers, Chipotle has enjoyed huge prosperity in the past decades. However, applying inventive approaches will more permit the organization to increase and extend its development (DeCenzo & Stephen, 2007, 414). In establishing the strategy for the coming strategic goals and proposals, Chipotle will require to sustain the present central values including the extension of recent approaches. It is significant for the organization to determine the main approaches and values that enabled the company prosperity and tries to establish upon them. Despite that, Chipotle has not originally communicated its values through means of mainstream channel of communication; it does sufficiently communicate key values concerning the organization’s triple base line. These principles are communicated in the Chipotle reports to investors and include: The company concentrates on attempting to look for the greatest quality components they can to prepare immense tasting food; on employing and holding top performing individuals to make sure that the restaurant expertise offered is outstanding. Further, the company focuses on establishing restaurants that are functionally effective and aesthetically entertaining; and on acting all of this with rising sensitivity and este em for the atmosphere. The organization applies high-quality raw components, standard cooking techniques, and a differentiated internal design and has sociable individuals to watch out for all consumer-characteristics that are further regularly present in the sphere of excellent dining. The goal of the company is to look for the greatest quality components that they can. Components that are planted or raised with esteem for the atmosphere, beasts, and individuals who plant or bring up the food. As section of their â€Å"Food With Integrity† approach, they think that applying fresh components is not sufficient, therefore they utilize time on farms and in the area to know where our components come from and the way the beasts are raised. Chipotle’s objective is to generate the highest quality item coupled with the greatest quality components, as well as being sociable to the atmosphere and to the beasts that it uses. This has enabled the organization to develop and increa se in wonderful ways. All this factors being put in place, the organization should continue struggling to evolve for it to maintain competitiveness and its limit over competitors. Whereas taking into account such precedences, the organization has established methods that the institution should follow for the coming five decades. These methods relate particularly to market growth, market penetration, and unique commodity development while looking out for probable unique markets as well as â€Å"blue oceans†. These methods will as well assist simplify Chipotle into

The Geography of Fear and Domestic Violence and Its Relationship to Essay

The Geography of Fear and Domestic Violence and Its Relationship to Space - Essay Example It is estimated that 78% of all rape and sexual assault victims are usually women. In addition, of the 600 000 to 800 000 people who become the victims of human trafficking every year, a whooping 80% comprises of women and girls. (2008) This helps explain the geography of fear, including the spatial aspects of fear and domestic violence. Geography of fear analyses the spatial aspects of people's fear of violence in different settings. Valentine posits that women are often fearful of crime that seems to be directly related to their sense of vulnerability to men and the understanding of the seriousness and terror that such crimes bring to mind. (1989, p. 385) Childhood and adult experiences are said to highly influence women's fear as far as sexual violence is concerned. These fears are then deeply ingrained in the women through social messaging; how society views and treats its women. If they are treated as sex objects the fear of violence becomes even more real to them. The fears that women have with regards to rape and other forms of violence, either physical or sexual determines to a large extent the kind of choices they make that affect their lives on a daily and /or on a long term basis. The women therefore take precautions that are spatial in nature as a way of dealing with their fear. This may involve not goin g out at night or even avoiding certain places. A According to Pain, for the most part analyses into the fear of crime only describe or explain what effects both sexual and physical violence has especially in as far as it reflects gender inequality. The social geography of fear looks into the differences between public and private space with regards to the perception of danger, also the categorization of space into either safe/dangerous or even, closed/open places. In the spatial expression of patriarchy, women attach fear to public places and devise safety measures to deal with this fear. It then becomes important to understand areas where women are most likely to be victimized as well as areas that are mostly linked with the risk of crime. This entails comprehending the spatial patterns of fear. Various experiences are responsible for influencing, shaping and changing women's relation to space. Experiences and attempts at violence, incidences of sexual harassment, social and emotional characteristics such as increased feelings of vulnerability and lack of social support including feelings of not having control over what happens to one self all have spatial repercussions. They are responsible for creating spaces in which women are excluded on the basis of their gender. More over, these feelings may increase with progression in age, after suffering injuries, pregnancy and motherhood. (1997) Violent crimes against women as rape have been found to take place not only in bedrooms and other private and semi private settings but also in the back of alleys. The spatiality of fear is said to be responsible for the behavior and quality of urban life. (Pain, 2001) Out of fear, women may avoid streets and alleys in urban areas that they may consider to be unsafe. Accordingly, different classes/types of women are likely to fear crime more than others. For instance, those who feel like they are not fully integrated in the places where they live such as communities and neighborhoods, those who

Employee Satisfaction in Human Resource Management Research Paper

Employee Satisfaction in Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Complaints are normal in any organization as people are not similar. The handling of conflicts by the management is what encourages or discourages employee satisfaction. Complaints should be handled according to the set rules, guidelines and principles of the organization meaning with all fairness and justice. If any party is favored, then the other party will be angry and remorseful preventing job productivity and may even lead to employee turnover due to lack of satisfaction of the level of justice in the company. Conflicts are almost similar to complaints and should be handled in a sensitive manner. Conflicts are normally between the supervisor and lower level employee and this situation demands listening to both parties before any final decision is made. Employees are satisfied where they are treated equally in cases of conflicts without regards to rank or job position. If the conflicts are handled wrongly, it means that one of the parties is underappreciated and this leads to lack of job satisfaction in the employee and may even lead to lawsuits against unfair judgment and treatment of lower level employees (Zeqiri, Aziri and Mazllami, 2010). Harassments in the work place are of numerous natures. The most common of all the harassments is sexual harassment where an employee harasses another based on their sex. In this type of harassment, the most common victims are the employees and the perpetrators the employers or supervisors. When the matter is handled internally by the human resource department, in most cases the case is settled by transferring the employee or merely suspending the perpetrator and no further action is taken. After this, the victim is victimized or even threatened by the perpetrator for reporting and may even give false allegations just to get back at the employee. The victim therefore lives in fear and anger and does not enjoy work at all and this is an example of lack of employee satisfaction. This is common where

The Advanced Construction And Building Technology Construction Essay

The Advanced Construction And Building Technology Construction Essay In decades, the conventional construction industry has been considered as a labour-intensive, low-tech industry with low productivity. It seems construction sector has been left behind by technologies innovations and sciences developments that have already reshaped many other industrial sectors. Construction industry facing challenges to responds to change technical, economic and social conditions, there is an increasing need of changing construction technique, communication and management strategy within the sector. Mass production and automation was introduced in the early twentieth century. It was a method of producing products in large quantities with relatively low cost. The product were produced in many different components and assembled into a finish product through an assembly line, the approach of this method has reshaped manufacturing industry especially in the sector of automobile, aircraft, train etc. it has proved that automation is the key to increase productivity. Industrialized construction (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) became popular during the post-war period, due to the huge demand in housing. Because of the nature of the concept, instead of adopting automation technology to traditional construction methods, there is a potential opportunity to integrate and apply manufacturing technology to enable a revolutionary change in construction sector in terms of design, production and management. The aim of this paper intends to discover and recognise the opportunities and challenges that advanced technology and modern manufacturing process offer to the industrialized construction sector, and how would the sector to embrace automation and enhance the way its operate, along with the introduce of a integrated management system from manufacturing industry. The paper will also provide an overview of the issues and difficulties the industry will face during introducing new technology innovations and adopting advanced automated production process into construction sector. Introduction Challenges emerged and changes need to be made within construction sector due to the changes in global phenomenon, economic, science and technology. There is a need for construction industry to improve its productivity, quality and flexibility, along with requirement to adapt technologies and management methods of other manufacturing industry. The formation of off-site construction sector has the advantages to adapting technologies directly from manufacturing sectors which support the principles of mass production and customization. Off-site construction methods can easily provide an efficient design and management process to allow customized products at mass production prices with a better quality, so that an entire building will be no longer constructed with conventional methods but to be produced as a product. There are numerous advantages of using off-site construction methods. As the production process is carried out in a factory environment which provides better communication between clients, designers and engineers, to ensure high quality standards, increase the speed of production as well as minimise impact on the environment by eliminating wastes. In recent years, there is a growing interest in the area of adopting automation technologies to construction and many building systems have been developed by implementing robotic technology to assist both on-site and off-site activities. The principle of future automated construction is to create a highly efficient automated system and to produce a customer orientated product, which involves apply advanced technologies both off-site and on-site, new design methods will be launched to develop of a new building systems, customized software and different management approach will be integrated in manufacturing process. Development of integrated construction automation and robotics building processes will assist component producing process and onsite construction. Life cycle of a building will be increased by use of new materials and new definition of building construction. However, in order to optimise the use of automated construction methods, it is important that design concept is compatible with technology available. It is necessary that research and development (RD) sector plays a very important role in terms of select and discover available approach for manufacturing methods. While designers and engineers need to apply the concept of automation whereby adjusting the design to fit production as a result the structural, functional, and the flexibility of the building could be implemented. Under one roof Design method evolution The goal of Industrialised building construction is to establish a new method of producing a per-engineered product rather than building in conventional method. Finished design is completed by a group of assembled components. A building will be no longer to be designed as a whole but developed as a range of components and accessories. The changing of design process results in the changes of practices. Traditional building design methods will be challenged by automated design methods. From the success of other manufacture industry has shown the benefit of using automated production methods. Building product development stage will be a systematic process; building system will be designed with flexibility of using robotic erection. Compare to conventional method, Designers will be increasingly relying on using CAD system and assisted with other technologies such as virtual reality system (VR). Virtual reality system creates a computer- simulated environment, which enables a physical presence, interaction with real environment. Client assisted by the system enable the simulation of the design process. An on-line virtual tool provides a selection of components; simulate real-time designing and environment, then client can import selected 3D design elements such as window, doors, roof into the system, to enable designer to gain a good perception of the project, the use of computer simul ated tool in conjunction with automated data collection tool to schedule and manage the project. The cost, design, material usage and assembling specification of the project can be generated automatically. In the past two decade, Automobile industry has benefited from using Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) the system has not only changed the productivity of automobile manufacturing but also defined the concept of customer oriented product concept. While the construction industry still based on labour intense type of work, there is a need for automating building process, thus an improved productivity, quality and better working environment could be achieved. Overview of Industrialised building system (mainly on residential housing sector) Nowadays, with housing stock market reaches highest demands in many countries, take UK for example, government aiming to build 50,000 units a year to fill the gap, however, if just rely on conventional methods this target is unlikely to meet. Thus, sustainable and modern design approaches became more and more crucial. Highly industrialized building method (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) has been wildly accepted and recommended. Factory manufactured homes (prefab homes) are transported on site sim-finished, which may only take days or even hours to complete, while in traditional construction method, homes are built from tons of basic materials using on-site labor and technique, which cost more and take longer to finish build. Advanced technology and automation in manufacturing industry has set up a successful example to construction industry. Due to the uniqueness of construction process, it is difficult to adopt automation techniques from other manufacturing sector directly . The advanced manufacturing methods which chosen have to be amended then integrated gradually into construction process. Compared with traditional methods of construction, the advantages that prefab offers shown as below: Reduce labor costs, for example, to build a small family house in England, client expect to pay up to  £250 a day to cover contractors and builders cost, this not even including costs of materials and equipments, also weather condition could effect on speed of on-site construction, as in extremely cold or damp condition, mortar will take longer to set due to frost, and one coat of plaster could take up to a day to set, this will slow down speed of construction dramatically and increase costs of labour. In comparison, off-site construction has most of their role carried out in factory environment with tight quality control and completely weather proof, specialist worker will produce building components at maximum efficiency. Reduce material costs; normally, client or contractor will have to set up an account with local building merchants and price charged is depending on the amount of material purchased. On the other hand, off-site manufactures whose order certain material in bulk directly from suppliers will normally receive better prices. Environmental friendly, as most components is produced off-site and ready for on-site assembly, it will reduce the amount of waste during on-site construction, Many prefab components are made of recyclable material and the building is to be designed more energy efficient. Prefab building is not something new, but it was once re-homed tens of thousands families in Britain after the Second World War. However after decades, prefab housing has not been as marketable as traditional housing. There are numbers of barriers and disadvantages of using such system have also occurred in several cases. Design limitations, while a prefab wall component are designed for a flat roof to sit on, and then it is unsuitable for it to be adapted for a different roof design. Components are manufactured in huge quantity, if there is a fault appeared on one, and then the same issue could be found on all. This could lead to unnecessary time waste. Lack of individuality, has shown on many post-war off-site designs. Even today, most off-site designed home is virtually same as traditionally built house, they are often been treated as lower-grade or temporary shelter by the general public. Skill shortage, builders and contractors are not familiar with the system, so on-site assembly will be carried out by factory engineers and specially trained labor, this would reduce the need of employ local contractors and cost local labor market. Despite the disadvantages of modular system, industrialized construction attribute vast numbers of benefits, there is a potential opportunity of future prefab building industry to adopt advantages and reassess the disadvantages , developing new prefab techniques and materials to provide a better performed building system. Prefab System Performance In many countries, such as Japan, Germany, manufacturers are reinventing the process of home construction by adopting assembly line automation methods to achieve mass production. A number of new construction materials are starting to be used as components in prefab housing. Such as, structural insulated panels (SIPs) and insulating concrete forms (ICFs). There are systems developed by using prefab technique, include prefab foundation systems, steel framing, concrete framing, large-modular systems, and so on. Prefab Foundation system Due to different site condition, different Materials, drainage system and engineered structural support could be applied. Initially, in house designers and engineer teams will exam soil type, contamination hazards of the site, and other critical natural elements of the given location, such as flood hazard zone, or seismic area, once all data is collected and appropriate system will be finalized, the chosen system needs to be designed subject to local building regulation requirement and to be reviewed by local authorities over construction period both off-site and on-site. The system is designed and manufactured as prefabricated components with consideration of drainage system used and complete integrated service installation points. Furthermore, according to different type of floor chassis system used, connection devise and method maybe vary, such as direct fastening system, direct bolting system, or welding system. Once the site is ready, the foundation components will be delivered onsite and drop in to the footing or trenches while connecting with service point. Panelised Wall Floor and Roof systems Panels can be produced in an automated factory environment, using computer program that transfers panel-cutting instructions directly from digital CAD (computer aided design) drawings. The finished product will be inspected and then transport on to jobsite. There are many types of panelised system available, such as light gauge steel, insulating concrete forms (ICFs), aluminum concrete and fiberglass components. They are consist of pre-engineered panels, factory manufactured, that will be erected on site to form a structural envelop. The most common, Structural insulated panel (SIPs) which consist of an insulating layer of rigid polymer foam sandwiched between two layers of structural board, offering superior insulation, structural capacity. SIPs are durable, light in weight and dimensionally stable. The system will significantly simplify on-site farming and reduce the risk of health and safety issues occurred from on-site construction. Compare with other modular system, SIPs provide more flexibility in terms of design, complicated shapes can be produced with considerably low price. Structurally, SIPs wall panel is deceptively strong, which could perform as load-bearing wall, roof structure, as well as internal dividing wall. Due to the exceptional load-bearing performance of the wall panel means variety of floor systems could be utilized. Compare with conventional wood framing technique, SIPs offer a dense, uniform and continuous air barrier with few thermal bridges, and little opportunity for internal convection, therefore less air leaks and reduce condensation occurred by cold bridging. Eco-joists are one of the best flooring system for SIPs structure, they are consist of parallel stress grade timber overhangs connected with V shaped galvanised steel webs. They share the same advantages as SIPs, they are pre engineered, designed and manufactured according to deferent loads requested by the project. The systems are lightweight and easy to handle on site, in addition all services such as electrical cables and waste pipes and ventilation dust could easily install between the open webs. Meanwhile, roof construction could achieve maximum useable space by using SIPs, because there will be no requirement of roof trusses going across loft space, and it offers continuous insulation to increase energy performance. As a result, combination of these two systems provides an excellent sample of advantages of using prefabricated components in modern construction. Lifecycle of the Prefab system Product orientated design Firstly, building will be marketed as a product rather than a traditional building. To be able produce them in large quantities with relatively low cost, the key is to mass produce, but with infinite personal taste, the combination of mass production and personal taste is mass customization, to give customer choices but within a manageable range. This will keep manufacturing processes sample and economies of scale can be implemented. For example, car manufacturers allow customer to choose the colour and certain specifications of a car model. However, customers are unable to specify the colour of the steering wheel, and design of the seats, even if it is achievable. Future prefab system will be designed to be more flexible; while components can be mountable and de-mountable for reuse. Proposed building site will be assisted by construction robots with little human intervention on site. The development of prefabrication in construction sector has demonstrated it is possible to adopt manufacturing technique into construction process and to achieve automation. Prefab building process will adopt an automated system in terms of, design, engineering, and construction, which means future construction process will proceed in an automated manner. For example, customer could pick different colours of wall finish and flooring or kitchen and bathroom pods from a product catalogue to fit into a standard floor plan, just like buying a car with choices of different body paint and interior accessories. The main building components will be mass produced such as wall and floor panels, and accessories such as different designs of kitchen pods to be produced only w hen ordered, to allow parts arrive into production just when needed. A new joining, and installation method will be developed with consideration of later on-site installation; building component will operate systemically as well as interchangeable to maximize system performance and lifespan. While on-site, construction robots will perform multiple tasks to cope with variety of site conditions, robots will have sequence or digital controlled. Construction robots will interact with each other on-site; identify issues and automatically response to site personal such as, project manager. In case of technical failures, all building activities should be able to handle by works manually. The house has been designed flexible and adaptable to allow future alteration. To alter existing house, traditionally, clients have to seek professional help to carry out the building work or relocated to a different property. In contrast, due to the way that house been constructed, the internal and structural wall, roof and floor can be easily disassembly from existing structure and proposed components will be plug-in to form an improved floor layout or provide an additional accommodation to suit clients requirement. The dealer will provide data from their database to cover information from the time of construction on the materials used, floor plans, piping and electrical lines, etc. Client then can use these specifications to obtain quotations from the dealer or other service providers. Site visit and inspection will be carried out by the selected manufacturer, data collected and design requirements of the project will be incorporated by computer integrated construction (CIC) syste m, design specification and cost will be produced pro manufacturing. The fully automated construction process shall precede pro to the final approval from the client. Second hand housing market and renovation market will be fulfilled with a new definition, second hand house will be put on the market and buyer is no longer necessarily to relocate to where the house is. Second hand house will be dissembled and transported back to the factory for inspection and renewal; inspected components are finished off with new fittings and equipments. The building components will be transported to the new site, by using the same technique, the building will be reassembled and ready for the new owner to move in. The same concept also applied on to those clients who extremely emotionally touched with their beloved home, instead of ditch the old one, alternatively the house could be relocated wherever they go. The efficient, flexible and mass production concept of future prefab industry enable a niche market to emerge within the construction sector; a prefab house will be affordable to purchase but offer high degree of design, flexibility. Customer will engage in the design process which will give the project their personal taste, incorporate with the mythology of mass customization, and offer customer with more choices. The lifecycle of a building could be extended longer by reclaim and disassembly the existing structure. In addition, the future prefab industry has the potential to achieve automation in all construction phases. Strategy action of Future Prefab construction Standardization For achieving the requirement of prefab building mass production, all components need to be standardized for production. Similar to automobile industries, same parts might be produced and used on fabricate different model, consequently, materials can be utilized in the most efficient manner to produce wide range of standardized components, such as universal wall, floor and roof system. Then the usage of same production process, machinery, and skilled workers can be maximized then maximum productivity achieved. Specialization Mass production and standardized product allow a high degree of labor specialization with the production process. It is an opportunity to use single task robots to conduct specific rule repetitiously. In such working condition, automated technology could be applied and tested within the prefab construction sector. Integration In order to obtain an optimal result, a high degree of coordination must exist between various relevant parties such as designer, manufacturer, owner, and contractor. This is achieved through an integrated system in which all these functions are performed under a unified authority (1) Automation in future prefab construction industry Robotic industrial applications are very well established in the manufacturing industry, while there is a very limited influence on the construction sector. A number of benefits are anticipated from these automated systems, including improved construction productivity, to eliminate the dependence on labor, and improved safety and quality. The impact of this integrated automation approach is expected to be significant due to its high level of management between resources and processes, and well defined environment for information transfer. As a follow-up to this effort, several research issues need to be considered, including the design of materials handling systems which will maintain the efficiency of the automated building construction approach. In Japan, the success of the automobile industrys automated assembly plants, combined with the construction industrys worker shortage, has helped encourage the development of Japans automated and robotic construction operations. Although th e trend toward automation itself has produced some gains in productivity, the primary goal is to do a specific task with fewer people in a safer environment. (2) The need for automation in construction is clear; as most construction activities are repetitious, labor-intensive, and dangerous so that it is perfectly suitable for robot automation. T. Bock (2007) illustrated a robotic precast concrete panel factory that uses a multipurpose unit which allows flexible production of the concrete floor, wall and roof panels. Here, according to certain CAD data, a multi functional gantry type robotic unit with two vertical arms places magnetos on the steel production table. The unit also attaches shutters on top of the magneto and then places horizontal, vertical and triangular reinforcement bars, as per design. A CAD-CAM controlled concrete distributor spreads the right amount of concrete while controlled by a CAD layout plan, which takes into account installation, window or door opening. (3) Swedish company Randek has developed a number of high-performance position controlled systems for prefab house manufacturing. Those systems were developed similar to the manufacturing industry and were intended to perform routine task in on location. For instance, their latest wall, floor and roof production line system SF021 is developed to be a flexible system for effective production of insulated wall elements. Firstly, a framework is built with studs and top and bottom plates installed by using a CAD-CAM controlled nailing gun, and then wall sheet will be nailed in while the whole wall component is flipped over and ready for the next work station. Second step, the wall component will be insulated. The final stage, the insulated wall will be flipped upside down and another wall sheet to be nailed on to seal up the component. The wall component is completed and ready for site delivery. The whole process is computer controlled, and it is only require 3-4 operators to over see the op eration. In Japan, there are more than 85 present of the houses are prefabricated, several leading construction firms have developed fully automated system for manufacturing building components, such as Sekisui chemical, robots has played active roles at the production line. Robotic manipulators were used as assistants to human. This approach allows the robot to be less autonomous and technically simpler, needing only limited sensing abilities. According to this approach, the human performs the vital parts of the task, and the robot is used to expand the human physical limits. Such systems, of less autonomous performance, can be more easily adapted for assistance in a variety of building tasks. (4) Off-site production sequence may have successfully adopted automation concept, robots are capable of conduct many factory based roles such as handing heavy materials, and it has benefited construction industry greatly. On the other hand, robots still face many difficulties due to the dynamic nature of construction site and economical challenge. Construction industry has a variety combination of sectors and it has to cope with variety of circumstances on each project and site. In construction automation, the building also serves simultaneously as the work environment. Construction robots will face great challenges when cope with complexity of on-site tasks. To tackle this, single-task robots need to be designed not only to assist human but also interact with human and enhance the over all performance; robots with specific function will be programmed to work independently, such as on-site single-task robots will perform most of the assembling and heavy lifting roles, as well as problem solving and data collection roles. Single-task robots been designed for a factory systematic environment free-standing robots will be moving along a production line on wheels to complete production roles. While suspended robots usually have lifting mechanisms to help it move up and down. Mobile Robotic system also developed for material handing on-site. Personal interior finishing robot is developed to reduce human interaction. Engelbert westkà ¤mper et al (2000) developed a robotic system for the automatic laying of tiles within certain tolerances on prefabricated modules. The pilot work consisted of a tile laying system that consists of tile positioning equipment, a centering and measuring system and transport unit; a tile supply system consisting of a store and a measuring unit; system for generating process parameters; and handing and positioning system having industrial robot and process control. (5) Moreover, Neelamkavil,J (2009) have illustrated that single-task robots technology will progresses quickly through the development of human-robot cooperative (HRC) system, key technologies development such as motion generation, remote control ,operation control, and mobility, there will be more interaction between humans and robots in workplace, human and robot will assist each other and exchange forces on site. Construction Automation Construction automation system consists of four fundamental components; An on-site factory protected by an all-weather enclosure. an automated jacking system an automated material conveying system a centralized information control system These systems have followed manufacturing principle as well as using just-in-time principles for delivery of materials and bar coding for tracking and placing materials once delivered on-site. The numbers of single-task robots used depends upon the job. (6) SMART (Shimizu Manufacturing system by Advanced Robotics Technology) has demonstrated a computer integrated construction (CIC) approach, which realized the objectives on; automated production off-site, with robotic assembly on site, handing heavy components and interact with one another. It has also utilized automatic planning and construction site management technology, with using a computerized controlled system to monitoring building process on-site. The system has fully integrated industrial production methods with construction, where the theory of Just-in-time (JIT) and constancy could be realized throughout the construction process. (7) Economically, due to the high cost of developing such automation system has affect on the speed of putting robotic systems in to practice. The most development has been done by some leading construction practice supported by large numbers of research organization. For example, in Japan most of major construction companies has large amount of research budgets and in-house research department working closely with universities and other institutes. Without strong financial capability an automated construction site will be impossible to implement. Software and IT integration Automated construction processes are not only relying on software and IT technology, but also associated with other related technologies, such as data processing, and Virtual Reality technology. These technologies control of construction machines and improve the construction efficiency. But more importantly, software integration is crucial for implementing the concept of computer integrated construction (CIC), which will enable to integrate prefabrication design process, advanced planning and management methods through a software system to programming on site robots and simulate the construction process. Neelamkavil,J (2009) reported The EU Future Home projects, the projects have developed the AUTOMOD3 system- an automatic modular construction software environment, the system successfully integrated all stages of house-building construction process and automated construction methods in to a CAD program. Through using this program, each stage is simulated; from transfer 2D plan into 3 D model to onsite robotic assembly each task can be carried out automatically. The introduction of Computer aided design (CAD) has changed attitudes towards accuracy and efficiency within construction industry. The developments of newest software such as AutoDesks Revit Architecture, SolidWorks are an upgrade of traditional CAD-based software, which enables designer, engineers, constrictors to analysis each stage of the buildings lifecycle, from its concept stage to demolition and recycling, it will monitoring the whole building process. Through sharing information sources between key players within the company such as design data, financial data, legal data, and service layout, this will improve team communication and increase efficiency, constructability and ultimately predictability of all projects. Summary Construction industry facing challenges to responds to change technical, economic and social conditions, there is an increasing need of changing construction technique, communication and management strategy within the sector. This paper has explored the opportunities and challenges that advanced technology and modern manufacturing process offer to the construction sector, and illustrated few examples of how did the development of robotic technology is increasingly affecting the process of construction automation. The need for improved automation and productivity of the construction industry is clear. There are numbers of factors are needed to be stressed, and will affect on future implement; Change of construction methods, result in organizational revolution. Design practice, client communication, product development, on-site assembly, use of construction robots, project management, and software development issues are highlig

Reaction Plan on Global Warming Essay

Global warming refers to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect, in which gases in the upper atmosphere trap solar radiation close to the planet’s surface instead of allowing it to dissipate into space. Both natural and human-made conditions can contribute to global warming, but human beings can do several things to reduce the effects. The biggest cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels — such as oil and coal — are burned for energy. So when you save energy, you fight global warming and save money, too. Here are some easy steps that you can take to help make a difference: 1. Limit Private Vehicle Driving. A very easy way to control ozone depletion would be to limit or reduce the amount of driving as vehicular emissions eventually result in smog which is a culprit in the deterioration of the ozone layer. Walk, bike or take the bus more often. You’ll save one pound of carbon d ioxide for every mile you don’t drive. 2. Use Eco-friendly Household Cleaning Products. Usage of eco-friendly and natural cleaning products for household chores is a great way to prevent ozone depletion. This is because many of these cleaning agents contain toxic chemicals that interfere with the ozone layer. A lot of supermarkets and health stores sell cleaning products that are toxic-free and made out of natural ingredients. 3. Avoid Using Pesticides. Pesticides may be an easy solution for getting rid of weed, but are harmful for the ozone layer. The best solution for this would be to try using natural remedies, rather than heading out for pesticides. You can perhaps try to weed manually or mow your garden consistently so as to avoid weed-growth. 4. Don’t Burn Your Trash. Every burning emits carbon dioxide especially plastic. Instead of burning your waste, segregate them and some things like cans and plastic can be sold while some can be recycled. 5. Plant a Tree. A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon  dioxide over its lifetime. Because carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, planting trees and other plants can slow or stop global warming. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They use carbon to build their own tissues and return some of it to the soil in a process called sequestration. Deforestation of rain forests is a large contributor to global warming and CO2 emissions, but planting new trees, even in your own backyard, can help to offset this. 6. Turn off Electronic Devices. Simply turning off your television, stereo and computer when you’re not using them will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a year. 7. Conserve Water. Turn off water immediately whenever you’re not using it, and repair or replace leaky faucets and toilets. 8. Change a Light. Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. 9. Reduce Fossil Fuel Use. Burning fossil fuels increases the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. There are two ways to reduce fossil fuel use: Use less energy, or use alternative, nonpolluting energy sources like solar and wind power 1) At home, this translates to saving electricity by using energy-efficient appliances and compact fluorescent light bulbs, as well as reducing gasoline use and buying green power from your electricity provider, if available. 10. Reduce Waste. The production of garbage contributes to global warming both directly and indirectly. Decomposing waste in landfills produces methane and other greenhouse gases. Waste also requires energy to manufacture in the first place. Reducing your consumption patterns and reusing items whenever possible minimizes your carbon footprint, since fewer new items need to be made. Recycling metal, plastic, glass and paper lowers greenhouse gas emissions, since recycled items take far less energy to manufacture than items produced from scratch. 11. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the economy size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste. And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isn’t a recycling program at your workplace, school, or in your community, ask about starting one. By recycling half of your household  waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. 12. Tell Others about Global Warming. Many Filipinos are still not aware of this frightening situation of our world. Tell it to your friends, neighbors and to your classmates.

How People Give Up Rights When Using an Airline

Many people modern day use airlines as a form of transportation. To be able to use this service passengers must have their bags and personal belongings checked by the airline. Airlines do this for the safety of their passengers and to ensure that no catastrophe happens during flight. But when this is done are passengers giving up their rights? Is it right for someone to go through your personal belongings? Or is this procedure only for security reasons? What rights do airplane passengers give up by allowing themselves to be checked before boarding? When Someone travels with an airline they must have their baggage checked before boarding the plane. Some people feel that this invades their privacy and that it is not necessary. Why should the airport check my personal belongings? Why cant they just pull up your criminal record or just check your pockets instead of checking everything? Some alternative plans is to take your bags and keep them in a secured part of the plane so there is no risk. And some airlines may even make you pay additional fees for these baggage checks meanwhile they are for your safety. Some airlines like Allegiant charge you $35 for your first bag. (â€Å"Airline baggage fees† 2) And how many people only bring one bag to the airport? Your second bag is $35 , and then any additional bags are â€Å"Subject to additional fees†. And all of this is paid for on top of your flight. Now shouldn’t it be an option to pay for safety? Does the airline even care about your safety or are they just trying to make more money? Collectively, airlines made approximately $3. 4 billion in baggage fees last year (â€Å"Airlines bagging big money† 1). Some people believe that airline just do this to make more revenue. Even though air ports are forced to check your baggage by the FAA (â€Å"Air Carrier Operations Bulletin† No. 1-94-10) people believe that the airline should not charge you extra and that the whole concept of being charged for baggage is stupid. Instead of being charged separately for baggage airlines should just include the price for baggage in the airline ticket. (â€Å"Clayton† 1). Other people seem to think that baggage fees are just a hidden fee that airlines use to try to get more money (â€Å"Most Obnoxious Hidden Airline Fees† 5). These people agree with the theory that one flat rate baggage fee should be included in the airline ticket. And as the Lehigh Valley Newspaper, The Morning Call says, â€Å"The recent measure of baggage checking at airports for bombs is a blatant disregard of a person’s privacy. Why should we stand for this, when our founding fathers fought to prevent things like this from happening? †. The person who wrote this article seems to be disregarding the fact that if it were not for this law of checking baggage that every time someone were to board an airplane they would be in danger. Imagine if every time someone boarded an airplane that that person was in danger. Modern day children go on airplanes for vacations with their families. Even if our founding fathers did try to prevent this, if this procedure was not done thousands of people every day would be in danger every day in the united states. Now even if this procedure is for the people’s safety, should the people be charged so the airlines can follow the law? Other articles regarding this subject state that when someone travels through an airline they loose their second amendment right. When people use an airline service their rights are not taken away but restricted, and for the safety of themselves and others. The second amendment, protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms (weapons). Many people argue that when boarding a plane that weapons such as knives and guns are not allowed to be brought on a plane during flight. Those people are wrong. It is one hundred percent legal to bring a gun or knife on board of a plane, with some rules of coarse. As stated in the article, â€Å"Traveling with Special Items on Airlines† from TravelSence you can bring a gun on flight as long as, 1. The gun is in part of your checked baggage. 2. the firearm must be unloaded and in a secure hard side container. 3. The owner of the firearm must be at the screening or the item and provide the combination or key to open the secure container containing the firearm. 4. ant and all ammunition must be placed in fiber or packaging specifically designed to hold ammunition. And 5. The ammunition must be in the same container as the unloaded firearm. As long as when traveling with a firearm you follow all of these procedures you can legally bring a gun with you while traveling with an airline. Once again these rules might restrict your rights as an American citizen but they do NOT take away your rights as an American citizen. And there is also rules with sharp objects such as knives. The only rule that there is on these items is,1. It can not be in carry on luggage and it must be securely wrapped to prevent injury. So once again it is one hundred percent legal to bring a weapon with you while flying with an airline service. Also if someone fells that having their baggage checked is taking away their rights that is also not true. The FAA (a government-run organization) enforces these rules and regulations for the airline passengers safety and for no other reason except for the passenger’s safety. Also by having these rules enforced by the government they can not possibly eliminate your rights as an American citizen (although they might restrict them temporarily). And concerning the rule for having baggage checked, it is up to the airlines to charge you for your bags. Some airlines like Jetblue offer your first bag of luggage for free and every extra bag has additional fees. So depending on which airline service the customer uses the cost for baggage check differ so when people complain about baggage fees they should look in to different airlines and see if any airlines offer cheaper fees or no fees at all (â€Å"Airline baggage fees† 5). The theory that baggage fees (if there are any) should be included in the ticket for flight depends on personal preference and one of the reasons why airlines do not charge the baggage fees in the ticket price is to try to hide additional fees from their customers (â€Å"Most Obnoxious Hidden Airline Fees† 5). And even though that may not seem right it is not taking away any rights that a person might have under American citizenship So, even though when someone travels with an airline service it might seem that it takes away their rights given to them in the declaration of independence, it really does not. The most traveling with an airline service does to your rights is restrict them. And the one and only reason that this is done is for the passenger’s/customer’s safety. The question here is, what rights do airplane passengers give up by allowing themselves to be checked before boarding? And the answer to this question would be, airplane passengers do not give up the rights given to them by being an American citizen. But if someone considers their invasion of personal privacy a right than they could possibly be giving up their rights (even though airlines do not save keep any information about your personal information on file).

skinheads essays

skinheads essays Skinheads are working class citizens that enjoy music and beer, yet they are continually portrayed as racists and bigots. Skinheads are constantly called Nazis, but skinheads originated as working class men from England many years earlier. Skinheads spend most of their time with other like-minded individuals. A group of skinheads is usually called a crew. Unlike gangs, crews are relatively non-violent unless provoked. They dress in simple and classy style at all times to showcase their working class roots. Most skinheads will continue living the Skinhead lifestyle until the day they die. Skinhead roots began during the late 1960's when the Jamaican rude boy subculture mingled with the British mod subculture. A rude boy is best defined as a "cool super-hooligan." Rude in Jamaican vernacular meant wild, violent, or reckless. These rude boys were best portrayed in such songs as Desmond Dekker's "007 (Shanty Town)", "Rude Boy Train", and many other such releases. A rude boy is now portrayed as a person who listens to reggae and ska music primarily, dressing in nice clothes and suits. The term mod is short for modernist. Mod is a direct outgrowth of Post War Britain, when all the teenagers suddenly had a disposable income and a desire to find an identity beyond a schoolboy or workingman. The product of this marriage would be what we today call a skinhead. Skinheads preferred physical labor to the mod ideals of effortless work. There were several theories on why the skinheads cropped their hair short and began wearing boots. One theory is that "the rougher kids began cutting their hair close, both to aid their fashion and to prevent their hair from hindering them in street fights." The other theory is being that "the shaved head and steel toed boots originated amongst the dock workers who required the safety of steel toed boots and shaved their heads as a precaution against head lice." After work, skinheads would ...

Co-Conspirators of John Wilkes Booth

Co-Conspirators of John Wilkes Booth When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, John Wilkes Booth was not acting alone. He had a number of conspirators, four of whom were hanged for their crimes a few months later.   In early 1864, a year before the Lincoln assassination, Booth had hatched a plot to kidnap Lincoln and hold him hostage. The plan was audacious, and hinged on seizing Lincoln while he rode in a carriage in Washington. The ultimate goal was apparently to hold Lincoln hostage and force the federal government to negotiate and end to the Civil War that would have left the Confederacy, and slavery, intact. Booths kidnapping plot was abandoned, no doubt because it had little chance to succeed. But Booth, in the planning stage, had enlisted several helpers. And in April 1865 some of them became involved in what became the Lincoln murder conspiracy. Booths Main Conspirators: David Herold: The conspirator who spent time on the run with Booth in the days following Lincolns murder, Herold had grown up in Washington, the son of a middle class family. His father worked as a clerk at the Washington Navy Yard, and Herold had nine siblings. His early life seemed ordinary for the time. Though often described as simple minded, Herold had studied to be a pharmacist for a time. So it seems he must have exhibited some intelligence. He spent much of his youth hunting in the woods surrounding Washington, experience which was helpful in the days when he and Booth were being hunted by Union cavalry in the woods of southern Maryland. In the hours following the shooting of Lincoln, Herold met up with Booth as he fled into southern Maryland. The two men spent nearly two weeks together, with Booth mostly hiding in the woods as Herold brought him food. Booth was also interested in seeing newspapers about his deed. The two men managed to cross the Potomac and reach Virginia, where they expected to find help. Instead, they were hunted down. Herold was with Booth when the tobacco barn where they were hiding was surrounded by cavalry troopers. Herold surrendered before Booth was shot. He was taken to Washington, imprisoned, and eventually tried and convicted. He was hanged, along with three other conspirators, on July 7, 1865. Lewis Powell: A former Confederate soldier who had been wounded and taken prisoner on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Powell was given an important assignment by Booth. As Booth was killing Lincoln, Powell was to enter the home of William Seward, Lincolns secretary of state, and murder him. Powell failed in his mission, though he did severely wound Seward and also injure members of his family. For a few  days after the assassination, Powell hid in a wooded area of Washington. He eventually fell into the hands of detectives when he visited the boardinghouse owned by another conspirator, Mary Suratt. Powell was arrested, tried, convicted, and hanged on July 7, 1865. George Atzerodt: Booth assigned Atzerodt the task of murdering Andrew Johnson, Lincolns vice president. On the night of the assassination it seems Atzerodt did go to the Kirkwood House, where Johnson was living, but lost his nerve. In the days following the assassination Atzerodts loose talk brought him under suspicion, and he was arrested by cavalry troopers. When his own hotel room was searched, evidence implicating him in Booths plot was discovered. He was arrested, tried, and convicted, and hanged on July 7, 1865. Mary Suratt: The owner of a Washington boardinghouse, Suratt was a widow with connections in the pro-southern Maryland countryside. It was believed she was involved with Booths plot to kidnap Lincoln, and meetings of Booths conspirators had been held at her boardinghouse. She was arrested, tried, and convicted. She was hanged along with Herold, Powell, and Atzerodt on July 7, 1865. The execution of Mrs. Suratt was controversial, and not only because she was female. There seemed to be some doubt about her complicity in the conspiracy. Her son, John Suratt, was a known associate of Booth, but he was in hiding, so some members of the public felt she was essentially executed in his stead. John Suratt fled the United States but eventually was returned in captivity. He was put on trial, but acquitted. He lived until 1916.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 71

Assignment Example The defendant and the plaintiff agree under the supervision of the court to implement the decree. An example of a consent decree is in divorce situations where the couple decides to settle under the supervision of a court. Disparate impact is the discrimination against a class that occurs due to the employer’s neutral employment practice, when the employer has a disproportion along the protected line. Disparate treatment is discrimination against an individual in a protected group that occurs due to unequal treatment from the employer, compared to the others. Using the four-fifths rule, the rate of selection of each group is calculated by dividing the number of the selected persons in a group by the number of total applicants in that group, and the group with the highest selection is observed. The impact ratios are then calculated by comparing this selection rate with the highest group. Any group with a substantially less selection rate than that of the highest group is observed. The employer defences against discrimination charges include job relatedness, business necessity, BFOQ, and BFSS. In job relatedness the employer argues that the employee does not work effectively. In the business necessity, the employer argues that the protected employee must have a given business necessity. The BFOQ will be based on their qualifications while the BFSS will be based on the selection criteria or a ratio. A hostile working environment is an offensive working environment that is characterized by unlawful physical or verbal harassment that shows hostility towards an individual basing on color, religion, race, gender, national origin, age, disability, his or her relatives, friends, and associates. Organizations can have policies that describe the constituents of a hostile working environment, and what is an inappropriate behaviour. It can also inform and educate employees on the organizational policies. They should investigate all

Parenting today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parenting today - Essay Example nal and emotional changes in his life, he is moving towards independence, a concrete thinker and sensitive to criticisms as stated by Military and Life Consultants (n.d.). To understand him more, you must spend more time with each other. Try activities that would enhance your father-son relationship like playing ball games and going outdoors which would not demand a lot of cash. Find time and spend time despite the work schedule. As much as possible, spend your meal time together, Jonathan is the only one you have at this time and you are the only one he has at home. Aside from spending time together, you can teach him responsibility and discipline by setting rules and consequences. However, you must let him participate in setting the rules in the house. Listen to him, this is very much important. Your rules must include him doing homework regularly, observing curfew time, watch up late only allowed during weekends and keeping his room tidy. After setting the rules, set the consequences and make sure that these penalties should be firm and be strictly imposed by you. If rules are not followed, there would be less time on the television, weekend indoors and more chores to be done. These should de firm and non-negotiable. If you see him doing well and becoming responsible and disciplined, do not forget to appreciate what he is doing and give him rewards he deserve. You can also learn how to achieve discipline of Jonathan by visiting and learning through the Positive Discipline site, http://www.positivediscipline.com/. They offer help via books and DVD’s. You can also attend their workshops about teaching parents the positive discipline way. You can see the schedules and venues of their workshops online. This site and their products would be a great help to you and Jonathan. They offer many ways to effectively discipline your child. May this letter provide you thoughts and ways regarding you r problem with Jonathan. I hope to hear many good things in the next few